Rev-ErbA alpha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1
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| PDB rendering based on 1a6y. | ||||||||||||||
| Available structures: 1a6y, 1ga5, 1hlz | ||||||||||||||
| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||
| Symbol(s) | NR1D1; THRA1; EAR1; THRAL; ear-1; hRev | |||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 602408 MGI: 2444210 HomoloGene: 23324 | |||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||
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| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||
| Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||
| Entrez | 9572 | 217166 | ||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000126368 | ENSMUSG00000020889 | ||||||||||||
| Uniprot | P20393 | n/a | ||||||||||||
| Refseq | NM_021724 (mRNA) NP_068370 (protein) |
NM_145434 (mRNA) NP_663409 (protein) |
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| Location | Chr 17: 35.5 - 35.51 Mb | Chr 11: 98.58 - 98.59 Mb | ||||||||||||
| Pubmed search | [1] | [2] | ||||||||||||
Rev-ErbA alpha also known as NR1D1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1), is a member of the Rev-ErbA family of nuclear receptors and is a transcriptional repressor. In mammals, Rev-erbα is highly expressed in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain, participating in the development and circadian regulation of these tissues.
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[edit] Gene and protein structure
Rev-erbα is transcribed from the opposite strand of the thyroid receptor α (c-erbAα) gene on chromosome 17, with a 269-nucleotide overlap between the two transcripts. The other mammalian isoform of the receptor, Rev-erbβ is encoded by another gene on chromosome 3. In addition, there is one non-mammalian homolog, the ecdysone-regulated gene E75, which is present in Drosophila and C. elegans. The Rev-erbα gene itself has multiple transcripts. Two promoters govern the expression of the Rev-erbα gene in human and rat, generating two mRNA isoforms. The full-length isoform encodes a 614-amino acid protein, while a second isoform is generated from an internal promoter and produces a protein that is shorter by 106 amino acids. Both Rev-erbα mRNA isoforms contain E-boxes as well as Rev-erbα response elements, which means that they can be regulated in a circadian manner by the BMAL and Rev-erba proteins. In fact, both transcripts exhibit rhythmic expression in serum-synchronized fibroblasts.
The Rev-erbα protein is structurally unique from other nuclear receptors, in that it lacks Helix 12 in its ligand-binding domain, which is usually responsible for forming the ligand binding pocket in other nuclear receptors. In place of the missing H12, Rev-erbα displays a hydrophobic interface that binds the corepressor N-CoR, making it a potent transcriptional repressor. Interestingly, all members of the Rev-erb family bind heme, which may act as a ligand to regulate their transcriptional activity.
[edit] Physiologic function
Rev-erbα regulates gene transcription by directly binding to target response elements (RevREs), comprised of an A/T-rich flank followed by AGGTCA. Rev-erbα mediates repression by recruiting the corepressor N-CoR, which then activates the histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3. A number of target genes has been identified for Rev-erbα, including the lipoproteins ApoA1 and ApoCIII, hydratase dehydrogenase, the circadian factor BMAL, and the anti-fibrinolytic factor PAI-1. Many of these genes are coordinately regulated by Rev-erbα and the RAR-related orphan receptor RORα, which share the same response elements but exert opposite effects on gene transcription. Crosstalk between Rev-erbα and RORα likely acts to fine-tune of their target physiologic networks, such as circadian rhythms, metabolic homeostasis, and inflammation.
Rev-erbα mRNA is induced during adipogenesis and is highly expressed in adipose tissue. One study reported that overexpression of Rev-erbα may enhance adipogenesis in cultured mouse adipocytes, but the mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated. Rev-erbα expression is also regulated at the post-translational level: it is phosphorylated on the amino terminus by Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3β, which contributes to its protein stability. It has been shown that lithium, which inhibits GSK3β, can de-stabilize Rev-erbα protein and affect its function in the circadian clock. This may partly explain lithium’s therapeutic effect on circadian diseases such as Bipolar Disorder.
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
- Laudet V, Begue A, Henry-Duthoit C, et al. (1991). "Genomic organization of the human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (c-erbA-1) gene.". Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (5): 1105–12. PMID 1850510.
- Lazar MA, Jones KE, Chin WW (1990). "Isolation of a cDNA encoding human Rev-ErbA alpha: transcription from the noncoding DNA strand of a thyroid hormone receptor gene results in a related protein that does not bind thyroid hormone.". DNA Cell Biol. 9 (2): 77–83. PMID 1971514.
- Miyajima N, Horiuchi R, Shibuya Y, et al. (1989). "Two erbA homologs encoding proteins with different T3 binding capacities are transcribed from opposite DNA strands of the same genetic locus.". Cell 57 (1): 31–9. PMID 2539258.
- Adelmant G, Bègue A, Stéhelin D, Laudet V (1996). "A functional Rev-erb alpha responsive element located in the human Rev-erb alpha promoter mediates a repressing activity.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (8): 3553–8. PMID 8622974.
- Downes M, Burke LJ, Bailey PJ, Muscat GE (1997). "Two receptor interaction domains in the corepressor, N-CoR/RIP13, are required for an efficient interaction with Rev-erbA alpha and RVR: physical association is dependent on the E region of the orphan receptors.". Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (22): 4379–86. PMID 8948627.
- Burke LJ, Downes M, Laudet V, Muscat GE (1998). "Identification and characterization of a novel corepressor interaction region in RVR and Rev-erbA alpha.". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (2): 248–62. PMID 9482666.
- Zhao Q, Khorasanizadeh S, Miyoshi Y, et al. (1998). "Structural elements of an orphan nuclear receptor-DNA complex.". Mol. Cell 1 (6): 849–61. PMID 9660968.
- Sierk ML, Zhao Q, Rastinejad F (2001). "DNA deformability as a recognition feature in the reverb response element.". Biochemistry 40 (43): 12833–43. PMID 11669620.
- Coste H, Rodríguez JC (2002). "Orphan nuclear hormone receptor Rev-erbalpha regulates the human apolipoprotein CIII promoter.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (30): 27120–9. doi:. PMID 12021280.
- Delerive P, Chin WW, Suen CS (2002). "Identification of Reverb(alpha) as a novel ROR(alpha) target gene.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (38): 35013–8. doi:. PMID 12114512.
- Raspè E, Mautino G, Duval C, et al. (2003). "Transcriptional regulation of human Rev-erbalpha gene expression by the orphan nuclear receptor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (51): 49275–81. doi:. PMID 12377782.
- Raspé E, Duez H, Mansén A, et al. (2003). "Identification of Rev-erbalpha as a physiological repressor of apoC-III gene transcription.". J. Lipid Res. 43 (12): 2172–9. PMID 12454280.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:. PMID 12477932.
- Chopin-Delannoy S, Thénot S, Delaunay F, et al. (2004). "A specific and unusual nuclear localization signal in the DNA binding domain of the Rev-erb orphan receptors.". J. Mol. Endocrinol. 30 (2): 197–211. PMID 12683943.
- Fontaine C, Dubois G, Duguay Y, et al. (2003). "The orphan nuclear receptor Rev-Erbalpha is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma target gene and promotes PPARgamma-induced adipocyte differentiation.". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (39): 37672–80. doi:. PMID 12821652.
- Johnson JM, Castle J, Garrett-Engele P, et al. (2004). "Genome-wide survey of human alternative pre-mRNA splicing with exon junction microarrays.". Science 302 (5653): 2141–4. doi:. PMID 14684825.
- Migita H, Morser J, Kawai K (2004). "Rev-erbalpha upregulates NF-kappaB-responsive genes in vascular smooth muscle cells.". FEBS Lett. 561 (1-3): 69–74. doi:. PMID 15013753.
- Cheng H, Khanna H, Oh EC, et al. (2005). "Photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor NR2E3 functions as a transcriptional activator in rod photoreceptors.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 13 (15): 1563–75. doi:. PMID 15190009.
- Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, et al. (2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (33): 12130–5. doi:. PMID 15302935.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:. PMID 15489334.
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