Activating transcription factor 2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Activating transcription factor 2
PDB rendering based on 1bhi.
Available structures: 1bhi, 1t2k
Identifiers
Symbol(s) ATF2; CREB2; CRE-BP1; HB16; MGC111558; TREB7
External IDs OMIM: 123811 MGI: 109349 HomoloGene: 31061
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 1386 11909
Ensembl ENSG00000115966 ENSMUSG00000027104
Uniprot P15336 P70299
Refseq NM_001880 (mRNA)
NP_001871 (protein)		 NM_001025093 (mRNA)
NP_001020264 (protein)
Location Chr 2: 175.65 - 175.74 Mb Chr 2: 73.62 - 73.66 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a human gene.[1]

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.[1]

The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32[2]. The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton[3]. ATF-2 is normaly activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK[4]. Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors[5][6]. ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein[7] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2.
  2. ^ Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics 10 (4): 1103-4. PMID 1833307. 
  3. ^ Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, et al (1996). "Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice". Nature 379 (6562): 262-5. doi:10.1038/379262a0. PMID 8538792. 
  4. ^ Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ (1995). "Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway". Science 267 (5196): 389-93. doi:0.1126/science.7824938. PMID 7824938. 
  5. ^ Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M (2005). "Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment". J. Cell. Biochem. 94 (1): 25-38. doi:10.1002/jcb.20296. PMID 15523674. 
  6. ^ Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V (2004). "Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8573-84. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955. PMID 15574764. 
  7. ^ Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V (2008 March 17). "The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis". Bioessays 30 (4): 314-327. doi:10.1002/bies.20734. PMID 18348191. 

[edit] Further reading

  • Denys H, Desmet R, Stragier M, et al. (1978). "Cystitis emphysematosa.". Acta urologica Belgica 45 (4): 327-31. PMID 602896. 
  • Kim SJ, Wagner S, Liu F, et al. (1992). "Retinoblastoma gene product activates expression of the human TGF-beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF-2.". Nature 358 (6384): 331-4. doi:10.1038/358331a0. PMID 1641004. 
  • Hai T, Curran T (1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3720-4. PMID 1827203. 
  • Hoeffler JP, Lustbader JW, Chen CY (1991). "Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by protein-protein interactions.". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (2): 256-66. PMID 1828107. 
  • Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, et al. (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32.". Genomics 10 (4): 1103-4. PMID 1833307. 
  • Diep A, Li C, Klisak I, et al. (1992). "Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32.". Genomics 11 (4): 1161-3. PMID 1838349. 
  • Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH (1990). "A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (4): 1347-57. PMID 2320002. 
  • Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK, Fischer WH, et al. (1989). "A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence.". Nature 337 (6209): 749-52. doi:10.1038/337749a0. PMID 2521922. 
  • Maekawa T, Sakura H, Kanei-Ishii C, et al. (1989). "Leucine zipper structure of the protein CRE-BP1 binding to the cyclic AMP response element in brain.". EMBO J. 8 (7): 2023-8. PMID 2529117. 
  • Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, et al. (1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7420-6. PMID 7535770. 
  • Livingstone C, Patel G, Jones N (1995). "ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain.". EMBO J. 14 (8): 1785-97. PMID 7737129. 
  • van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I, et al. (1995). "ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents.". EMBO J. 14 (8): 1798-811. PMID 7737130. 
  • Zhou Q, Gedrich RW, Engel DA (1995). "Transcriptional repression of the c-fos gene by YY1 is mediated by a direct interaction with ATF/CREB.". J. Virol. 69 (7): 4323-30. PMID 7769693. 
  • Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G (1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene.". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1): 27-35. PMID 8027667. 
  • Nomura N, Zu YL, Maekawa T, et al. (1993). "Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (6): 4259-66. PMID 8440710. 
  • Martin ML, Lieberman PM, Curran T (1996). "Fos-Jun dimerization promotes interaction of the basic region with TFIIE-34 and TFIIF.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (5): 2110-8. PMID 8628277. 
  • Yang L, Lanier ER, Kraig E (1997). "Identification of a novel, spliced variant of CREB that is preferentially expressed in the thymus.". J. Immunol. 158 (6): 2522-5. PMID 9058782. 
  • Shuman JD, Cheong J, Coligan JE (1997). "ATF-2 and C/EBPalpha can form a heterodimeric DNA binding complex in vitro. Functional implications for transcriptional regulation.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (19): 12793-800. PMID 9139739. 
  • Fukunaga R, Hunter T (1997). "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates.". EMBO J. 16 (8): 1921-33. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921. PMID 9155018. 
  • Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Gum RJ, et al. (1997). "Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridinyl imidazoles.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235 (3): 533-8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6849. PMID 9207191. 
 This article on a gene on chromosome 2 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v • d • e
Transcription factors and intracellular receptors
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)
Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) • AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) • BACH (1, 2) • BATF • BLZF1 • C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) • CREB (1, 3, L1) • CREM • DBP • DDIT3 • GABPA • HLF • MAF (B, F, G, K) • NFE (2, L1, L2) • NRL • NRF1 • XBP1
(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)
ATOH1 • AhR • AHRR • ARNT • ASCL1 • BHLHB2 • BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) • CLOCK • EPAS1 • HAND (1, 2) • HES (5, 6) • HEY (1, 2, L) • HES1 • HIF (1A, 3A) • ID (1, 2, 3, 4) • LYL1 • MXD4 • MYCL1 • MYCN • Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) • Neurogenins • NeuroD (1, 2) • NPAS (1, 2, 3) • OLIG (1, 2) • Scleraxis • TAL1 • Twist • USF1
(1.3) bHLH-ZIP
MAX • MITF • MNT • MLX • MXI1 • Myc • SREBP (1, 2)
(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
(2) Zinc finger
DNA-binding domains
(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)
subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) • subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) • subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Estrogen (α, β), Estrogen related (α, β, γ), Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone)) • subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) • subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) • subfamily 6 (GCNF) • subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)
(2.2) Other Cys4
GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) • MTA (1, 2, 3)
(2.3) Cys2His2
ATBF1 • BCL(6, 11A, 11B) • CTCF • E4F1 • EGR (2, 3) • ERV3 • General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF: 1, 2, TFIIH: 1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2) • GFI1 • GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, YY1) • HIC (1, 2) • HIVEP (1, 2, 3) • IKZF (1, 2, 3) • ILF (2, 3) • KLF (2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13) • MTF1 • MYT1 • OSR1 • Sp1 • zinc finger ((3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 649, 655) • Zbtb7 (7A) • ZBT (16, 17, 33)
(2.4) Cys6
(2.5) Alternating composition
AIRE • DIDO1 • GRLF1 • ING (1, 2, 4) • JARID (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2) • JMJD1B
(3) Helix-turn-helix
domains
ARX • CDX (1, 2) • CRX • CUTL1 • DLX (3, 4, 5) • EMX2 • EN (1, 2) • FHL (1, 2, 3) • HESX1 • HHEX • HLX • Homeobox (A1, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) • HOPX • MEIS (1, 2) • MEOX2 • MNX1 • MSX (1, 2) • NANOG • NKX (2-1, 2-5, 3-1) • PHF (3, 6, 10, 17) • POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: 1, 2, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7) • OTX (1, 2) • PDX1
(3.2) Paired box
PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • FOX proteins (C1, C2, E1, G1, H1, K2, L2, M1, N3, O1A, , O3A, O4, P1, P2, P3)
HSF (1, 2, 4)
(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
ELF (4, 5) • EGF • ELK (1, 3, 4) • ERF • ERG • ETS (1, 2) • ETV (1, 4, 5, 6) • FLI1 • Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • MYB • MYBL2
(3.6) TEA domain
transcriptional enhancer factor 1, 2
(4) β-Scaffold factors with
minor groove contacts
(4.1) Rel homology region
NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) • NFAT (C1, C2, C3, C4, 5)
(4.2) STAT
STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(4.3) p53
(4.4) MADS box
Mef2 (A, B, C, D) • SRF
HNF (1A, 1B) • LEF1 • SOX (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18) • SRY • SSRP1
(4.10) Cold-shock domain
(4.11) Runt
(0) Other
transcription factors
(0.2) HMGI(Y)
HMGA (1, 2) • HBP1
Rb • RBL1 • RBL2
(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors
Apetala 2 • EREBP • B3
(0.6) Miscellaneous
ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) • CAP • IFI (16, 35) • MLL (2, 3, T1) • MNDA • NFI (A, B, C, X) • NFY (A, B, C) • Rho/Sigma • R-SMAD