Velar nasal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| IPA – number | 119 |
| IPA – text | ŋ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ŋ |
| X-SAMPA | N |
| Kirshenbaum | N |
| Sound sample | |
The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ŋ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N.
As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas, nor in a large number of European or Middle Eastern languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, only about half have a velar nasal[1]. As with the voiced velar plosive, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is undoubtedly due to the fact that the small oral cavity used to produce velar consonants makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained. It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose as is required for a nasal consonant.
In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants.
Contents |
[edit] Features
Features of the velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter n with a leftward tail protruding from the bottom of the right stem of the letter. Compare n and ŋ. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly called as "eng" or "engma" and sometimes in reference to Greek, "angma". The symbol ŋ should not be confused with ɳ, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem or with ɲ, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.
[edit] Varieties of [ŋ]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| ŋ | plain ŋ |
| ŋ̊ | voiceless ŋ |
| ŋ̍ | syllabic ŋ |
| ŋ̈ | breathy voiced ŋ |
| ŋ̃ | creaky voiced ŋ |
| ŋʷ | labialized ŋ |
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut | chaang | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
| Bai | Dali dialect | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 梗/gang2 | [kɐŋ˧˥] | 'flower stem' | See Standard Cantonese |
| Mandarin | 北京/Běijīng | [peɪ˨˩ tɕiŋ˥˥] | 'Beijing' | See Standard Mandarin | |
| Catalan[2] | sang | [saŋ] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chukchi | ңыроқ | [ŋəɹoq] | 'two' | ||
| Czech | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
| Dutch[3] | angst | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | sing | [sɪŋ] | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Fijian | gone | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
| Filipino | ngayon | [ˈŋajon] | 'now, today' | ||
| Finnish | langan | [lɑŋːɑn] | 'of the thread' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[4] | parking | [paʀkiŋ] | 'parking lot' | See French phonology | |
| Galician | unha | [ˈuŋa] | 'one', 'a' (feminine) | ||
| German | lang | [laŋ] | 'long' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | αποτυγχάνω | [aˌpo̞tiŋˈxano̞] | 'I fail (to fail)' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | בנק | [baŋk] | 'bank' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | रङ्ग | [rəŋg] | 'color' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | ing | [iŋg] | 'shirt' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | göng | [ˈkøyŋk] | ? | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian | bangun | [baŋun] | 'wake up' | ||
| Irish | ceann carrach | [caŋ ˈkaɾˠəx] | 'a scabbed one' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[5] | anche | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | See Italian phonology | |
| Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
| Japanese | Standard | 南極/nankyoku | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
| Eastern dialects[6] | 鍵/kagi | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
| Ket | аяң | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
| Korean | 방/bang | [paŋ] | 'room' | See Korean phonology | |
| Nivkh | ңамг | [ŋamg] | 'seven' | ||
| Norwegian | gang | [gɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish[7] | bank | [baŋk] | 'bank' | See Polish phonology | |
| Occitan | Provençal | vin | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
| Seri | comcáac | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
| Shona | 'nanga | [ŋaŋga] | 'witch-doctor' | ||
| Slovene | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | ||
| Spanish[8] | domingo | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋgo̞] | 'Sunday' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ng'ombe | [ŋɔmbɛ] | 'cow' | ||
| Swedish | bank | [baŋkʰ] | 'bank' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | ưng | [ɯŋ] | 'to accept' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Anderson, Gregory D. S.. 2008. The Velar Nasal. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 9. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/9 Accessed on 2008-04-30.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Wells (1989:44)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
[edit] Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45-47
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
- Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19 (1): 31-54
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| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible. |
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