Voiced postalveolar affricate

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IPA – number	104 (135)
IPA – text	d͡ʒ
IPA – image
Entity	ʤ
X-SAMPA	dZ
Kirshenbaum	dZ
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d͡ʒ (formerly ʤ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is [dZ]. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ǰ, ǧ, ǯ, and dž. It is familiar to English speakers as the j sound in jump.

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means it is produced while vibrating the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		example needed	--	--	See Abkhaz phonology
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Standard[1]	جرس	[d͡ʒærɑs]	'bell'	See Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern	ջուր	[d͡ʒur]	'water'
	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'fly'
Chechen		джерво/?	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Coptic		ϫⲉ	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Croatian		džep	[d͡ʒep]	'pocket'
Czech		léčba	[lɛːd͡ʒba]	'treatment'	See Czech phonology
English		jump	[ˈd͡ʒʌmp]	'jump'	See English phonology
Faroese		gestir	[ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ]	'guests'
French		djinn	[d͡ʒin]	'djinn'	See French phonology
Georgian[2]		ჯიბე	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German		Dschungel	[d͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	See German phonology
Goemai		[d͡ʒaːn]		'twins'
Hindi		जाना	[d͡ʒɑːnɑː]	'to go'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[3]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmːa]	'gem'	See Italian phonology
Kabyle		lj̗Iran	[ld͡ʒiran]	'the neighbors'
Kyrgyz		жаман	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'
Macedonian		џемпер	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'
Manchu		?	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'
	Provençal		[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Ojibwe		?	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جګ‎	[d͡ʒeg]	'high'
Persian		ﺎ‎ﺠ‎ﮐ‎	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Portuguese	Brazilian[4]	grande	[gɾɐ̃d͡ʒi]	'great'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[d͡ʒer]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'
Serbo-Croatian		džem	[d͡ʒɛ̝m]	'jam'
Slovak		džús	[d͡ʒuːs]	'juice'
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːg]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Spanish		yo (emphatic)	[d͡ʒo]	'I'
Turkish		yatırımcı	[jät̪ɯɾɯmd͡ʒɯ]	'investor'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Ubykh		/amd͡ʒan/		'?'	See Ubykh phonology

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Barbosa, Plínio A. & Eleonora C. Albano (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
• Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
• Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
• Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.