Voiced alveolar fricative

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IPA – number	133
IPA – text	z
IPA – image
Entity	z
X-SAMPA	z
Kirshenbaum	z
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

• The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is z, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA symbol [z] is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants unless modified by a diacritic ([z̪] and [z̠] respectively).
• The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ð̠ or ɹ̝.

Coronal fricatives

	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar
				retroflex	palato- alveolar	alveolo- palatal
sibilant	z̪	z͇	z̠	ʐ	ʒ	ʑ
non-sibilant	ð	ð̠/ð͇/ɹ̝		ɻ̝

Contents 1 Voiced alveolar sibilant 1.1 Features 1.2 Occurrence 2 Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative 2.1 Features 2.2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography

[edit] Voiced alveolar sibilant

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European language but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa or Western Asia.

In the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is very rare as a phoneme. The presence of [z] in a given language always implies the presence of a voiceless [s].^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced alveolar fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [z̺] and laminal [z̻].

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		zjarr	[zjar]	'fire'
Arabic	Standard[1]	زائِر	[zaːˈʔir]	'visiter' (m.)	See Arabic phonology
Catalan[2][3]		zero	[z̺ɛɾu]	'zero'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		зурма/zurma	[zuɾma]	'music'
Czech		zima	[zɪma]	'winter'	See Czech phonology
Dutch[4]		zee	[zeː]	'sea'	See Dutch phonology
English		size	[saɪz]	'size'	See English phonology
French[5]		zèbre	[zɛbʀ]	'zebra'	See French phonology
Georgian[6]		ზარი	[ˈzɑɾi]	'bell'
German		süß	[zyːs]	'sweet'	See German phonology
Greek	Athens dialect[7]	ζάλη	[ˈz̻ali]	'dizziness'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian		zálog	[zaːlog]	'escrow'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[8]		casa	[kaza]	'house'	See Italian phonology
Japanese[9]		全部/zenbu	[zembɯ]	'everything'	See Japanese phonology
Kala Lagaw Ya		zilamiz	[zilʌmiz]	'go'
Occitan	Gascon	casèrna	[kaz̺ɛrno]	'barracks'
	Languedocien	véser	[bez̺e]	'to see'
	Limousin	jòune	[ˈzɒwne]	'young'
Polish[10]		zero	[ˈzɛrɔ] (help·info)	'zero'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[11]		cazo	[ˈkazu]	'I marry'	See Portuguese phonology
Russian[12]		заезжать	[zəɪˈʑʑætʲ]	'to pick up'	Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology
Spanish[13]	Latin American	desde	[ˈd̪e̞z̻ð̞e̞]	'since'	See Spanish phonology and seseo.
	Peninsular		[ˈd̪e̞z̺ð̞e̞]
Swahili		lazima	[lɑzimɑ]]]	'must'
Turkish		göz	[gœz]	'eye'	See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese		gio	[zɔ]	'ashes'	See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

The nonsibilant alveolar fricative is very rare, and almost always occurs as an allophone of dental fricatives.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Features

The features of the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative are identical to those above, except that,

• Its manner of articulation is simple fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence, but without the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Icelandic		þakið	[θ̠akið̠]	'roof'	See Icelandic phonology
English	Scouse	maid	[meɪð̠]	'maid'	Allophone of /t/ See English phonology
	South Africa	round	[ɹ̝ɑənd]	'round'

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe", Language 51 (2): 282-292
• Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
• Fougeron, Cecile & Caroline L Smith (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73-76
• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45-47
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
• Honeybone, P (2001), "Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English", English Language and Linguistics 5 (2): 213-249
• Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
• Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Camebridge University Press
• Marotta, Giovanna & Marlen Barth (2005), "Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English", Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online 3 (2): 377-413
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
• Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97
• Pandeli, H; J Eska & Martin Ball et al., "Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t", Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' 27: 65-75
• Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
• Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
• Torreblanca, Máximo (1988), "Latín Basium, Castellano Beso, Catalán Bes, Portugués Beijo", Hispanic Review 56 (3): 343-348
• Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37-41
• Wheeler, Max W (2005), written at Oxford, The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199258147

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.