Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

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IPA – number	209
IPA – text	ɫ
IPA – image
Entity	ɫ
X-SAMPA	5
Kirshenbaum	l<vzd>
Sound sample (help·info)

The velarized alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be pharyngealized, also known as dark l, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. Velarization/Pharyngealization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.^[1]

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Notes 4 References 5 See also

[edit] Features

Features of the velarized alveolar lateral approximant:

• Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.
• Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip (or, more rarely,^[2] the blade of the tongue) against the alveolar ridge. It also has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the sides of the tongue, rather than the middle of the tongue.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		halla	[ˈhaɫa]	'armpit'
Arabic	Standard[3]	الله	[ʔɑɫ̪ːɑːh]	'God, Allah'	Also transcribed as <lˤ>. See Arabic phonology
Catalan	Eastern dialects[4]	til·la	[ˈtiɫːə]	'linden'	See Catalan phonology
Dutch	Belgian[5]	bal	[bɑɫ]	'ball'	Postvocalic allophone of /l/. See Dutch phonology
English[6]	RP and GA	peel	[pʰiːɫ]	'peel'	See English phonology
	Scottish English	loch	[ɫɔx]	'loch'
Irish		lá	[ɫɔ]	'day'	See Irish phonology
Norwegian	northern dialects	spelle	[spæɫːe]	'to play'	See Norwegian phonology
Polish	eastern dialects	łapa	[ˈɫapa]	'paw'	Corresponds to /w/ in standard Polish. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	European[7]	mil	[miɫ̪]	'one thousand'	See Portuguese phonology
Russian[8]		малый	[ˈmɑɫ̪ɨj]	'small'	See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic		Mallaig	[ˈmaʊɫækʲ]	'Mallaig'
St’át’imcets		qaoḻ	[qáɫ]	'bad'
Turkish		kızıl	[kɯzɯɫ]	'red'	See Turkish phonology

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
• Daniel, Jones & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
• Recasens, Daniel & Aina Espinosa (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1-25
• Roca, Iggy & Wyn Johnson (1999), written at Essex, A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21346-5
• Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243-247
• Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press

[edit] See also

• Lateral consonant
• Velarization
• l-vocalization
• Ł

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.