Palatal lateral approximant

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IPA – number 157
IPA – text ʎ
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity ʎ
X-SAMPA L
Kirshenbaum l^
Sound sample (help·info)

The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʎ, a turned letter "y" (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, λ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.

Contents

[edit] Features

Features of the palatal lateral approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate.
  • Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the sides of the tongue, rather than the middle of the tongue.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arpitan balyi [baʎi] 'give'
Aymara llaki [ʎaki] 'sad'
Catalan[1] ull [ˈuʎ] 'eye' The sound is very frequent in the language and can appear even in coda position. Some Catalan speakers, notably those of the Balearic dialects, merge this sound with semivocalic "i" /j/, a phenomenon called ieisme and akin to Spanish yeísmo. See Catalan phonology.
Croatian odijeljen [ˈodijeːʎen] 'separated'
Enindhilyagwa angalya [aŋaʎa] 'place'
Faroese fylgja [fɪʎʤa] 'to follow'
Galician ollo [ˈoʎo] 'eye' Many Galician speakers are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish.
Greek λιακάδα [ʎaˈkaða] 'sunshine' See Modern Greek phonology.
Hungarian[2] lyuk [ˈʎuk] 'hole' This sound is currently archaic in the language and only preserved in non-standard dialects of the northern part of the country. Modern standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging the old phoneme of "ly" into that of "j". See Hungarian ly.
Italian[3] figlio [ˈfiʎːo] 'son' The sound is pronounced geminate, except when word initial (as in the definite article gli). See Italian phonology.
Macedonian љубов [ʎubov] 'love'
Norwegian northern dialects alle [ɑʎːe] 'everybody' See Norwegian phonology.
Portuguese[4] olho [ˈoʎu] 'eye' See Portuguese phonology.
Occitan miralhar [miraˈʎa] 'to reflect'
Gascon hilh [hiʎ] 'son'
Quechua allin [ˈaʎin] 'good'
Scottish Gaelic till [tʃʰiːʎ] 'return'
Serbian љуљaшka /ljuljaška [ʎuʎаʃkа] 'swing (seat)'
Sissano piyl [piʎ] 'fish'
Slovak roľa [ˈrɔʎa] 'field'
Slovene polje [ˈpoʎe] 'field'
Spanish[5] millón [miˈʎon] 'million' For most speakers this sound has disappeared and merged with "y" (/ʝ/ or /ʒ/ depending on dialect), a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  2. ^ BENKŐ Loránd; IMRE Samu (ed.): The Hungarian Language. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, No. 134. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter (1972).
  3. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  4. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  5. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
  • Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
  Consonants (List, table) See also: IPA, Vowels  
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ
Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
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Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.