Voiced uvular fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IPA – number	143
IPA – text	ʁ
IPA – image
Entity	ʁ
X-SAMPA	R
Kirshenbaum	g"
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʁ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is R. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter, [ʁ̝]. (The approximant can be specified by adding the downtack, [ʁ̞].)

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is uvular which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) against or near the palatine uvula.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French^{[citation needed]} to several dialects and registers of Danish, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish. However, not all of these remain a uvular trill today. In Danish, the r is a pharyngeal approximant in all but the most conservative speech. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a voiceless velar fricative [x], voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or a voiceless glottal fricative [h]. Because such uvular rhotics don't often contrast with alveolar ones, <r> may often be used to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		цыҕ	[tsəʁ]	'marten'
Adyghe		гъызын	[ʁəzən]	'to wail'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	chamĝul	[tʃɑmʁul]	'to wash'
Armenian		քաղաքավար	[kʰaʁakʰaˈvaɹ]	'polite'
Avar		тIагъур	[tʼaˈʁur]	'cap'
Chilcotin		[ʁəlkɪʃ]		'he walks'
Danish		rød	[ʁɶð]	'red'	See Danish phonology
French		rester	[ʁɛste]	'to stay'	See French phonology
German[1]		Frau	[fʁaʊ̯]	'woman'	See German phonology
Modern Hebrew		רע	[ʁa]	'bad'	May also be a trilled. See Hebrew phonology
Kabardian		гъэ	[ʁɑ]	'let'
Kabyle		bbeγ	[bːəʁ]	'to dive'
Kazakh		саған	[sɑˈʁɑn]	'you (singular dative)'
Kyrgyz		жамгыр	[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]	'rain'
Norwegian	western	rar	[ʁɑːʁ]	'strange'
Portuguese	European[2]	carro	[ˈkaʁu]	'car'	See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Sakha		тоҕус	[toʁus]	'nine'
Tatar		яңгыр, yañğır	[jɒŋˈʁɯr]	'rain'
Ubykh		[ʁa]		'his, her, its'	Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
Uzbek		ёмғир, yomg´ir	[jɒmˈʁɨr]	'rain'
Yiddish		רעגן	[ˈʁɛgŋ]	'rain'
Zhuang		roek	[ʁɔ̌k]	'six'
Yukaghir	Northern	example needed	--	--

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
• Wiese, Richard (1996), Phonology of German, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-824040-6

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.

The Letter "R"
General:	The letter R · Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) · Rhotic and non-rhotic accents · R-colored vowels · Guttural R · Linking R and Intrusive R
Pronunciations:	Alveolar trill [r] · Alveolar approximant [ɹ] · Alveolar tap [ɾ] · Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] ·Retroflex approximant [ɻ] · Retroflex flap [ɽ] ·Uvular trill [ʀ] ·Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Variations:	R rotunda · Ɍɍ (R with stroke) · Ʀʀ · Ȑȑ · Ŕŕ · Ŗŗ · Řř · Ȓȓ · Ṙṙ · Ṛṛ · Ṝṝ · Ṟṟ · Rd · Rh · Rl · Rn · Rr · Rt · Rnd · ᚱ (Raidô) · ℛ (Riemann integral) · ℜ (Real part) · ℝ (Real number) · ® (Registered trademark) · Ⓡ (Enclosed R)