Palatal approximant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IPA – number 153
IPA – text j
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity j
X-SAMPA j
Kirshenbaum j
Sound sample (help·info)

The palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is j. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, or equivalently, i_^, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is y.

In the writing systems used for most of the languages of Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year'.

Contents

[edit] Features

Features of the palatal approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate.
  • Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[1] يارتي [jaːratiː] 'my neighbor' (f.)
Catalan[2] veiem [bəˈjɛm] 'we see' See Catalan phonology
Chechen ялх/yalx [jalx] 'six'
Chinese Cantonese 一/jat7 [jɐt̚˥] 'one'
Danish jeg [jɑɪ] , [jɐ] 'I' See Danish phonology
Dutch jaar [ja:r] 'year' See Dutch phonology
English you [juː] 'you' See English phonology
Finnish jalka [ˈjɑlkɑ] 'leg' See Finnish phonology
French yeux [jø] 'eyes' See French phonology
German Joch [jɔx] 'yoke' See German phonology
Hebrew ילד [jeːleːd] 'boy' See Hebrew phonology
Hungarian játék [jaːteːk] 'game' See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian йи [ji] 'game'
Irish ghreamaigh [ˈjɾʲamˠə] 'stuck' See Irish phonology
Italian[3] ione [ˈjone] 'ion' See Italian phonology
Korean 야구/yaku [ˈjaːgu] 'baseball' See Korean phonology
Norwegian jul [jʉːl] 'Christmas' See Norwegian phonology
Polish[4] jutro [ˈjutrɔ] (help·info) 'tomorrow' See Polish phonology
Russian я [ja] 'I' See Russian phonology
Spanish[5] viuda [ˈbjuða] 'widow' Non-syllabic allophone of /i/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish jag [ˈjɑːg] 'I' See Swedish phonology
Turkish yol [jol] 'way' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh [ajəwʃqʼa] 'you did it' See Ubykh phonology
Vietnamese de [jɛ] 'cinnamon' See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Thelwall (1990:38)
  2. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  3. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  4. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  5. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:256)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
  • Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37-41
  Consonants (List, table) See also: IPA, Vowels  
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ
Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.