Voiced dental plosive

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IPA – number 104 + 408
IPA – text d̪
IPA – image
Entity d̪
X-SAMPA d_d
Kirshenbaum d[
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced dental plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d̪, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d_d. This is the symbol for the voiced alveolar plosive with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning dental.

Contents

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced dental plosive:

  • Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
  • Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
  • Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

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True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance languages, /d/ is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the fact that the front of the tongue touches the teeth may be more visible, but is unimportant acoustically.[citation needed] The difference between the /d/ sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[1] دولة [ˈd̪awlɐ] 'state' See Arabic phonology
Dinka dhek [d̪ek] 'distinct'
Catalan[2] ull de bou [uʎ d̪ə ˈβɔw] 'round window' See Catalan phonology
Croatian disati [d̪isati] 'to breathe'
English Irish that [d̪æt] 'that' Some dialects. See English phonology
Georgian[3] კუდი [ˈkud̪i] 'tail'
Hindi दाल [d̪ɑl] 'lentils' Hindi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Italian[4] dare [ˈdare] 'to give' See Italian phonology
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ [ˈd̪wɑ] 'two'
Polish[5] dom [d̪ɔm] (help·info) 'home' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[6] dar [d̪aɾ] 'to give' See Portuguese phonology
Russian[7] дышать [d̪ɨˈʂatʲ] 'to breathe' Contrasts with a palatalized voiced alveolar plosive. See Russian phonology
Serbian дисати [d̪isati] 'to breathe'
Spanish[8] hundido [ũn̪ˈd̪̪iðo̞] 'sunken' See Spanish phonology
Turkish dal [d̪äl] 'finger' See Turkish phonology

[edit] References

  1. ^ Watson (2002:14)
  2. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  3. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  4. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  5. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  6. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  7. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:99)
  8. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
  • Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
  • Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
  • Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
  • Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press

[edit] See also

  Consonants (List, table) See also: IPA, Vowels  
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ
Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
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Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.