Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6

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SMAD family member 6
Identifiers
Symbol(s) SMAD6; HsT17432; MADH6; MADH7
External IDs OMIM: 602931 MGI: 1336883 HomoloGene: 4079
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 4091 17130
Ensembl ENSG00000137834 n/a
Uniprot O43541 n/a
Refseq NM_005585 (mRNA)
NP_005576 (protein)		 NM_008542 (mRNA)
NP_032568 (protein)
Location Chr 15: 64.78 - 64.86 Mb n/a
Pubmed search [1] [2]

SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a human gene.[1]


SMAD, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6
Other names: SMAD 6, Mothers against DPP homolog 6, Smad6, hSMAD6
Genetic data
Gene code: HUGO code:SMAD6
Protein Structure/Function
Protein type: I-SMAD (Inhibitory SMAD)
Functions: signal transduction, transcription
Domains: MH1, MH2
Other
Taxa expressing: Homo sapiens; homologs: many metazoan phyla
Cell types: ubiquitous; high levels in lungs
Subcellular localization: Primary:nucleus, Alternative:cytoplasm
Covalent modifications: phosphorylation

SMAD6 or mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 is a polypeptide that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene "mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members SMAD6 is involved in cell signalling. It acts as a regulator of TGFβ family (such as bone morphogenetic proteins) activity by competing with SMAD4 and preventing the transcription of SMAD4's gene products. There are two known isoforms of this protein.

[edit] Nomenclature

The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic, in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues eg. Mothers Against Drunk Driving or (MADD).


[edit] References

  1. ^ Entrez Gene: SMAD6 SMAD family member 6.

[edit] Further reading

  • Massagué J (1998). "TGF-beta signal transduction.". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 753–91. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.753. PMID 9759503. 
  • Verschueren K, Huylebroeck D (2000). "Remarkable versatility of Smad proteins in the nucleus of transforming growth factor-beta activated cells.". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 10 (3-4): 187–99. PMID 10647776. 
  • Wrana JL, Attisano L (2000). "The Smad pathway.". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11 (1-2): 5–13. PMID 10708948. 
  • Miyazono K (2000). "TGF-beta signaling by Smad proteins.". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11 (1-2): 15–22. PMID 10708949. 
  • Riggins GJ, Thiagalingam S, Rozenblum E, et al. (1996). "Mad-related genes in the human.". Nat. Genet. 13 (3): 347–9. doi:10.1038/ng0796-347. PMID 8673135. 
  • Topper JN, Cai J, Qiu Y, et al. (1997). "Vascular MADs: two novel MAD-related genes selectively inducible by flow in human vascular endothelium.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (17): 9314–9. PMID 9256479. 
  • Hata A, Lagna G, Massagué J, Hemmati-Brivanlou A (1998). "Smad6 inhibits BMP/Smad1 signaling by specifically competing with the Smad4 tumor suppressor.". Genes Dev. 12 (2): 186–97. PMID 9436979. 
  • Afrakhte M, Morén A, Jossan S, et al. (1998). "Induction of inhibitory Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA by TGF-beta family members.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249 (2): 505–11. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9170. PMID 9712726. 
  • Galvin KM, Donovan MJ, Lynch CA, et al. (2000). "A role for smad6 in development and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system.". Nat. Genet. 24 (2): 171–4. doi:10.1038/72835. PMID 10655064. 
  • Bai S, Shi X, Yang X, Cao X (2000). "Smad6 as a transcriptional corepressor.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (12): 8267–70. PMID 10722652. 
  • Kimura N, Matsuo R, Shibuya H, et al. (2000). "BMP2-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of the TAK1-p38 kinase pathway that is negatively regulated by Smad6.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (23): 17647–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.M908622199. PMID 10748100. 
  • Datta PK, Moses HL (2000). "STRAP and Smad7 synergize in the inhibition of transforming growth factor beta signaling.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (9): 3157–67. PMID 10757800. 
  • Ebisawa T, Fukuchi M, Murakami G, et al. (2001). "Smurf1 interacts with transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor through Smad7 and induces receptor degradation.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (16): 12477–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100008200. PMID 11278251. 
  • Itoh F, Asao H, Sugamura K, et al. (2001). "Promoting bone morphogenetic protein signaling through negative regulation of inhibitory Smads.". EMBO J. 20 (15): 4132–42. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.15.4132. PMID 11483516. 
  • Yanagisawa M, Nakashima K, Takeda K, et al. (2002). "Inhibition of BMP2-induced, TAK1 kinase-mediated neurite outgrowth by Smad6 and Smad7.". Genes Cells 6 (12): 1091–9. PMID 11737269. 
  • Schiffer M, Schiffer LE, Gupta A, et al. (2003). "Inhibitory smads and tgf-Beta signaling in glomerular cells.". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 (11): 2657–66. PMID 12397035. 
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Cell signaling: TGF beta signaling pathway
TGF beta superfamily of ligands
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