GDF2

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growth differentiation factor 2
Identifiers
Symbol GDF2
Alt. Symbols BMP-9, BMP9
Entrez 2658
HUGO 4217
OMIM 605120
PDB 1ZKZ
RefSeq NM_016204
UniProt Q9UK05
Other data
Locus Chr. 11 q11.22


Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) is a protein also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 that belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. It has a role in inducing and maintaining the ability of embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) to respond to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine; BFCN are important for the processes of learning, memory and attention.[1] GDF2 is also important for the maturation of BFCN.[1] Another role of GDF2 has been recently suggested. GDF2 is a potent inducer of hepcidin (a cationic peptide that has a antimicrobial properties) in liver cells (hepatocytes) and can regulate iron metabolism.[2] The physiological receptor of GDF2 is thought to be activin receptor-like kinase 1, ALK1 (also called ACVRL1), an endothelial-specific type I receptor of the TGF-beta receptor family.[3]

GDF2 is one of the most potent BMPs to induce orthotopic bone formation in vivo. BMP2, a blocker of most BMPs seems not to affect GDF2. [4]


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Lopez-Coviella I, Follettie M, Mellott T, Kovacheva V, Slack B, Diesl V, Berse B, Thies R, Blusztajn J (2005). "Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces the transcriptome of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (19): 6984–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502097102. PMID 15870197. 
  2. ^ Truksa J, Peng H, Lee P, Beutler E (2006). "Bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 9 stimulate murine hepcidin 1 expression independently of Hfe, transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2), and IL-6". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (27): 10289–93. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603124103. PMID 16801541. 
  3. ^ David L, Mallet C, Mazerbourg S, Feige J, Bailly S (2007). "Identification of BMP9 and BMP10 as functional activators of the orphan activin receptor-like kinase 1, ALK1 (also called ACVRL1) in endothelial cells". Blood 109 (5): 1953–61. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-07-034124. PMID 17068149. 
  4. ^ Q Kang, MH Sun, H Cheng, Y Peng, AG Montag, AT Deyrup, W Jiang, HH Luu, J Luo, JP Szatkowski, P Vanichakarn, JY Park, Y Li, RC Haydon and T-C He (2004). "Characterization of the distinct orthotopic bone-forming activity of 14 BMPs using recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery". Gene Therapy 11 (17): 1312–20. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302298. PMID 15269709. 
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