George McGovern
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| George McGovern | |
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| In office January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1981 |
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| Preceded by | Joseph H. Bottum |
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| Succeeded by | James Abdnor |
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| In office January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1961 |
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| Preceded by | Harold O. Lovre |
| Succeeded by | Ben Reifel |
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| Election date November 7, 1972 |
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| Running mate | Thomas Eagleton (withdrew) Sargent Shriver |
| Opponent(s) | Richard Nixon (R) |
| Incumbent | Richard Nixon (R) |
| Preceded by | Hubert Humphrey |
| Succeeded by | Jimmy Carter |
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| Born | July 19, 1922 Avon, South Dakota |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Eleanor McGovern (1921-2007) |
| Profession | historian, professor, politician |
| Religion | Methodist |
George Stanley McGovern, (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election in a landslide to incumbent Richard Nixon. As a decorated World War II combat veteran, McGovern was noted for his opposition to the Vietnam War. He was appointed United Nations Ambassador on World Hunger in 2001.
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[edit] Early life and career
McGovern was born in Avon, South Dakota and lived in nearby Mitchell, having moved there at the age of six. The son of a minister, he graduated from Dakota Wesleyan University in Mitchell.
McGovern married Eleanor Stegeberg of Woonsocket on October 31, 1943. The two had met during a high school debate in which Eleanor and her sister Ila defeated McGovern and his partner.
As the war approached, McGovern recalled later, he felt insecure about his own courage. A gym teacher once called him a "physical coward" for failing to vault a gymnastics horse. To prove himself, McGovern, who was afraid of heights, took flying lessons and got a pilot's license through the U.S. Government's Civilian Pilot Training Program. "Frankly, I was scared to death on that first solo flight," McGovern remembered. "But when I walked away from it, I had an enormous feeling of satisfaction that I had taken the thing off the ground and landed it without tearing the wings off."[1]
He volunteered for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and served as a B-24 Liberator bomber pilot in the Fifteenth Air Force, flying 35 missions over enemy territory from bases in North Africa and later Italy, often against heavy anti-aircraft artillery, earning the Distinguished Flying Cross for saving his crew by landing his damaged bomber on a British airfield on Vis, a small island off the Yugoslav coast controlled by Tito's Partisans. McGovern's wartime story, including his island landing, is at the center of Stephen Ambrose's profile of the men who flew B-24s over Germany in World War II, The Wild Blue.[2]
On return from the war, McGovern earned a divinity degree from Garrett Theological Seminary[3]in Evanston near Chicago, and briefly tried his hand as a Methodist minister. Dissatisfied, he earned a Ph.D in history from Northwestern University in Evanston and became a professor at his alma mater, Dakota Wesleyan University.
Although he was raised by two Republican parents, he chose not to join any party until the 1948 presidential election, when he registered as an Independent and joined the newly-formed Progressive Party. During the campaign, he attended the party's first national convention as a delegate and volunteered for the eventually unsuccessful campaign of its presidential nominee, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace.
Four years later, in 1952, he heard a radio broadcast of Governor Adlai Stevenson's speech accepting the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party. He immediately went into town and registered as a Democrat, then volunteered for Stevenson's campaign the following day. Although Stevenson lost that election, McGovern remained active in Democratic politics. By 1953, he had been named Executive Director of the South Dakota Democratic Party and, in 1956, he ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives, winning reelection in 1958 against a strong challenge from South Dakota's two-term Governor Joe Foss.
[edit] Congressional career
After two terms in the House, he unsuccessfully ran for the Senate in 1960, losing to Republican incumbent Karl Mundt 52%-48%. The election loss made him available for appointment as the first director of President John F. Kennedy's Food for Peace program. In 1962, he ran for election to South Dakota's other Senate seat and won, serving his first of three Senate terms.
[edit] Opposition to Vietnam War
Although he voted in favor of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, McGovern later became a strong critic of defense spending, and was an early and vocal opponent of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, often criticizing the policies of fellow Democrat, President Lyndon Johnson.
| Congressional opposition to U.S. wars and interventions  |
| 1812 North America House Federalists’ Address |
| 1917 World War I Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill |
| 1935-1939 (General) Neutrality Acts |
| 1935-40 (General) Ludlow Amendment |
| 1970 Vietnam McGovern-Hatfield Amendment |
| 1970 Southeast Asia Cooper-Church Amendment |
| 1971 Vietnam Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
| 1973 Southeast Asia Case-Church Amendment |
| 1973 (General) War Powers Resolution |
| 1974 Covert Ops (General) Hughes-Ryan Amendment |
| 1976 Angola Clark Amendment |
| 1982 Nicaragua Boland Amendment |
| 2007 Iraq House Concurrent Resolution 63 |
McGovern was outspoken in his criticism of the Senate. As reported by Time magazine in September 1970, during Senate floor debate McGovern criticized his colleagues for not supporting an amendment that he had cosponsored with Senator Mark Hatfield (R-Oregon) calling for a complete withdrawal of troops from Vietnam:
"Every Senator in this chamber is partly responsible for sending 50,000 young Americans to an early grave... This chamber reeks of blood... it does not take any courage at all for a Congressman or a Senator or a President to wrap himself in the flag and say we are staying in Viet Nam, because it is not our blood that is being shed." (McGovern) blamed his colleagues for having contributed to "that human wreckage all across our land — young men without legs or arms or genitals or faces — or hopes."[4]
In a retort to the powerful Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman, John Stennis, McGovern declared, "I'm tired of old men dreaming up wars for young men to fight. If he wants to use American ground troops in Cambodia, let him lead the charge himself."[5]
[edit] Party reformer
During the 1968 Democratic Convention, a motion was passed to establish a commission to reform the Democratic Party nomination process.[6] In 1969, McGovern was named chairman of the Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection; due to the influence of former McCarthy and Kennedy supporters on the staff, the commission significantly reduced the role of party officials and insiders in the nomination process, increased the role of caucuses and primaries, and mandated quotas for proportional black, women, and youth delegate representation.[7]
The fundamental principle of the McGovern Commission—that primaries should determine the winner of the Democratic nomination—lasted throughout every subsequent nomination contest.
[edit] 1968 Presidential campaign
At the 1968 Democratic Convention, in the wake of the Robert F. Kennedy assassination, McGovern sought the Democratic nomination. Although Hubert Humphrey appeared to be the favorite for the nomination, he was an unpopular choice with many anti-war Democrats, who identified him with Lyndon B. Johnson's controversial position on the Vietnam War. McGovern hoped to pick up Kennedy's anti-war support, but the delegates failed to unite behind a single candidate who could have prevented Humphrey from getting the nomination. Some of Kennedy's support went to anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy, who split most of the delegates with McGovern. With McGovern and McCarthy dividing the anti-war votes, Humphrey was able to win the nomination. McGovern came in third with 146.5 delegates, far behind Hubert Humphrey's 1759.25.
[edit] 1972 Presidential campaign
[edit] Democratic nomination
Front-runner Edmund Muskie did worse than expected in the New Hampshire primary and McGovern came in a close second. While Muskie's campaign funding and support dried up, McGovern picked up valuable momentum in the following months. Despite losing several primaries, including losing Florida to George Wallace, McGovern secured enough delegates to the 1972 Democratic National Convention to win the party's nomination. Gary Hart, who became a presidential contender 12 years later, was McGovern's campaign manager.
[edit] Prairie populist
In the 1972 election, McGovern ran on a platform that advocated withdrawal from the Vietnam War in exchange for the return of American prisoners of war[8] and amnesty for draft evaders who had left the country,[9] an anti-war platform that was presaged, in 1970, by McGovern's sponsorship of the McGovern-Hatfield amendment, seeking to end U.S. participation in the war by Congressional action. However, during a meeting with Democratic Governors conference, Nevada Governor Mike O'Callaghan asked McGovern what he would do if the North Vietnamese refused to release American POW's after a withdrawal. McGovern responded, "Under such circumstances, we'd have to take action," although he did not say what action.[10]
McGovern's platform also included an across-the-board, 37% reduction in defense spending over three years;[11] and a "demogrant" program giving $1,000 to every citizen in America [12] that was later changed to creating a $6,500 guaranteed minimum income for Americans, and was later dropped from the platform.[13] In addition, McGovern supported ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. An infamous incident took place late in the campaign. McGovern was giving a speech and a Nixon admirer kept heckling him. McGovern called the young man over and said "Listen you son of a bitch, why don't you kiss my ass!" Mississippi Senator James Eastland later asked the Senator if that was what he had said. When McGovern said yes, Eastland replied that was the best thing he had ever said in the whole campaign.
[edit] Eagleton controversy
Just over two weeks after his nomination, it was revealed that McGovern's running mate, Thomas Eagleton, had received electroshock therapy for depression during the 1960s. Though many people still supported Eagleton's candidacy, an increasing number of influential politicians and columnists questioned his ability to handle the office of Vice President. The resulting negative attention prompted McGovern to accept Eagleton's offer to withdraw from the ticket, replacing him with United States Ambassador to France (and brother in-law of John F. Kennedy) Sargent Shriver. This occurred after McGovern had stated publicly he was still "... behind Eagleton 1000 percent"; reneging on that statement a few days later made McGovern look indecisive. The Eagleton controversy also put the McGovern campaign off message and was speculated at the time to perhaps be a harbinger of what would become McGovern's subsequent landslide loss.[14]
[edit] Landslide loss
The McGovern Commission changes to the convention rules marginalized the influence of establishment Democratic figures (some of whom had lost the nomination to McGovern). Many refused to support him, with some switching their support to the incumbent President Richard Nixon through a campaign effort called "Democrats for Nixon". In addition, McGovern was repeatedly attacked by associates of Nixon, who used an array of "dirty tricks" and illegal tactics during the campaign, including the infamous Watergate break-in, which eventually led to Nixon's resignation in 1974.[15][16]
In the general election, the McGovern/Shriver ticket suffered a 60%-38% defeat to Nixon — at the time, the second biggest landslide in American history, with Electoral College totals of 520 to 17. McGovern's two electoral vote victories came in Massachusetts and Washington, D.C.; McGovern failed to win his home state of South Dakota, a state that had delivered for the Democrats in only three of the previous 18 presidential elections in the twentieth century.[17] In his telegram to Nixon conceding defeat, McGovern wrote, "I hope that in the next four years you will lead us to a time of peace abroad and justice at home. You have my full support in such efforts."[18]
[edit] Amnesty, abortion and acid
On April 25, 1972, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary and journalist Robert Novak phoned Democratic politicians around the country, who agreed with his assessment that blue-collar workers voting for McGovern did not understand what he really stood for.[19] On April 27, 1972 Novak reported in a column that an unnamed Democratic senator had talked to him about McGovern.[20] "The people don’t know McGovern is for amnesty, abortion and legalization of pot," the Senator said.[20] "Once middle America - Catholic middle America, in particular - finds this out, he’s dead."[20] The label stuck and McGovern became known as the candidate of "amnesty, abortion and acid."[19][21]
Novak was accused of manufacturing the quote.[20] To rebut the criticism, Novak took Eagleton to lunch after the campaign and asked whether he could identify him as the source.[20] The senator said he would not allow his identity to be revealed.[20] "Oh, he had to run for re-election... the McGovernites would kill him if they knew he had said that," said Novak.[19]
On July 15, 2007, after Eagleton's death, Novak disclosed on Meet the Press that the unnamed senator was Thomas Eagleton.[19] Political analyst Bob Shrum says that Eagleton would never have been selected as McGovern's running mate if it had been known at the time that Eagleton was the source of the quote.[19] "Boy, do I wish he would have let you publish his name. Then he never would have been picked as vice president," said Shrum.[19] "Because the two things, the two things that happened to George McGovern—two of the things that happened to him—were the label you put on him, number one, and number two, the Eagleton disaster. We had a messy convention, but he could have, I think in the end, carried eight or 10 states, remained politically viable. And Eagleton was one of the great train wrecks of all time."[19]
[edit] Return to the Senate
After this loss, McGovern returned to South Dakota, where he was re-elected to the Senate in 1974. During the Iran hostage crisis he joined with conservative Republicans in authorizing military action to free the hostages. In 1980, he was defeated for re-election by U.S. Rep. James Abdnor amidst that year's Republican sweep, which became known as the "Reagan Revolution." In 1984, he sought his party's presidential nomination once again. Although he finished in third place in the Iowa caucus in a crowded field, his campaign eventually floundered and he withdrew soon after the New Hampshire primary.
[edit] Personal
The McGoverns had five children: Ann, Teresa ("Terry"), Susan, Mary McGovern-McKinnon, and Steven.[22] In 1994, his daughter Terry died of hypothermia while intoxicated. McGovern revealed his daughter had battled her alcohol addiction for years. He founded a non-profit organization in her name to help others suffering from alcoholism and authored a book, Terry: My Daughter's Life-and-Death Struggle with Alcoholism.[23]
McGovern's wife, Eleanor, died January 25, 2007, at their home in Mitchell, South Dakota.[24]
[edit] 1984 Presidential campaign
McGovern attempted a political comeback by running for the 1984 Democratic Presidential nomination. Despite having name recognition the campaign was largely unsuccessful. McGovern won no primaries, and picked up just four votes at the Democratic Convention. He eventually gave his support to Democratic nominee Walter Mondale. McGovern went on to host Saturday Night Live on April 14, shortly after dropping out due to poor showings in the Super Tuesday primaries.[25]
[edit] Recent activities
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Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones. |
In 1981–1982, McGovern replaced historian Stephen Ambrose as a professor at the University of New Orleans.
McGovern played a dull caricature of himself in a 1990 Newhart episode. That year, he was awarded an honorary J.D. degree from the University of Houston law school.
McGovern considered another run for the White House in 1992, according to a New York Times article published on January 25, 1991.
From 1998 to 2001, he served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization, based in Rome, Italy (he was succeeded in this post by long-time Democratic Rep. Tony Hall). In 2001, he was appointed UN Global Ambassador on World Hunger by the World Food Programme.[26]
He endorsed Democrat Wesley Clark's unsuccessful candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination for the 2004 presidential election on January 18, 2004 (24 days before Clark's withdrawal from the race). McGovern continues to lecture and make public appearances. He previously owned a used book store in his summer home of Stevensville in Montana's Bitterroot Valley.
On June 2, 2005, McGovern stated "the U.S. media needs a modern-day "Deep Throat" within the administration of President George W. Bush to reveal how America was "misled on Iraq." He is a member of the Middle East Policy Council.
On July 28, 2005, McGovern appeared on Idaho Public Television's "Dialogue" program[27] and discussed a variety of subjects including parallels between the Iraq war and Vietnam, and Vice-President Dick Cheney's assertions that Iraq was involved in the 9/11 events. On September 4, 2005, he appeared at the Houston Astrodome in support of the survivors of Hurricane Katrina. This time, another Houston university, Rice University, awarded him an honorary Ph.D.
On March 22, 2006 McGovern spoke at the University of Virginia, Miller Center of Public Affairs, on the topic of world hunger.[28] Fighting World Hunger, a 60 minute lecture, is available in streaming video and audio formats through the University Channel. In the lecture, he discusses the history of U.S. hunger initiatives along with his own role in establishing programs such as Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) and the National School Lunch Program. He also expressed his views on the Iraq war and alcoholism as a social ill.
In 2006, the film One Bright Shining Moment — The Forgotten Summer of George McGovern [29] was released in the United States. Directed by Stephen Vittoria and narrated by Amy Goodman, the documentary chronicles the life and times of George McGovern, focusing on his 1972 bid for the presidency. The film features McGovern, Gloria Steinem, Gore Vidal, Warren Beatty, Howard Zinn and Dick Gregory.
On October 3, 2006, a book written by McGovern and foreign policy analyst William R. Polk titled Out of Iraq: A Practical Plan for Withdrawal Now was released by Simon & Schuster. In the book McGovern and Polk argue for an immediate withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Iraq.[30]
On October 5–October 7, 2006, the George and Eleanor McGovern Library and Center for Leadership and Public Service was dedicated at Dakota Wesleyan University in Mitchell, South Dakota. Among the dedication's dignitaries were former President Bill Clinton and Allen Neuharth.
On the January 2, 2007 episode of CNN's Larry King Live, McGovern announced publicly for the first time that he voted for Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election, even though Ford was a Republican. McGovern said he felt more comfortable with Ford than with Carter, whom he did not know well. But, McGovern voted for Carter in 1980, when Carter lost his bid for re-election.
On July 10, 2007, "An Evening with George McGovern" was held at Dakota Wesleyan University in Mitchell, South Dakota, to celebrate McGovern's upcoming 85th birthday. The event was anchored by veteran NBC correspondent Sander Vanocur. When asked by Vanocur about his feelings about the term "McGovernism" to describe a particular liberal philosophy, McGovern quipped, "“Well, I’m one politician that’s in the dictionary, even though it’s as a swear word.”[31]
As well, a celebration of McGovern's 85 years was held on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., attended by such notables as former Senator and Republican Presidential Nominee Bob Dole and former Senator Gary Hart, campaign manager for McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign. In remarks prepared for the event, Bill Clinton, who worked on the McGovern campaign in 1972, referred to the over 300 attendees at the celebration as "McGovern's heirs."[32]
In October of 2007 McGovern endorsed U.S. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY) for the 2008 Democratic Nomination.[33]
On January 6, 2008, McGovern wrote an op-ed published in the Washington Post calling for the impeachment of President George W. Bush and Vice-President Dick Cheney. The subtitle of the article reads "Nixon was Bad. These Guys Are Worse."[34]
On March 7, 2008, McGovern wrote an op-ed entitled "Freedom Means Responsibility," which was published in the Wall Street Journal criticizing "economic paternalism" on both the left and the right. He criticized calls for regulation of sub-prime morgages and advocated allowing people to purchase health care across state lines. [35]
On March 10, 2008, he appeared on Comedy Central's "The Colbert Report." During the interview, he stated that although he endorsed Hillary Clinton, he did not know Barack Obama at the time and has been "very impressed with him as a candidate." In addition, McGovern briefly commented on his opposition to the war in Iraq and Stephen Colbert featured McGovern's 2006 book, Out of Iraq: A Practical Plan for Withdrawal Now.
McGovern currently serves as a Senior Policy Advisor to the law firm of Olsson Frank Weeda Terman Bode Matz, PC, a food and drug regulatory counseling and lobbying firm in Washington, DC.
On May 7, 2008, McGovern switched his endorsement for the Democratic Nomination 2008 from Hillary Clinton to Barack Obama, and publicly urged Senator Clinton to withdraw from the race.[36]. Though on May 12, in an opinion article for the NY Times, [37] McGovern stated that Hillary's persistance in the campaign was perfectly allowable. He urged the two candidates to discontinue criticizing each other and instead focus on John McCain. For party unity, he suggested that they make joint appearances in the remaining primary states to raise money for the state parties.
[edit] Legacy
George McGovern helped institute major changes in Democratic party rules—including the requirement that delegates to the party's nominating convention be diverse—that continue to this day. He remains a symbol of the political left during the turbulent 1960s and early 1970s when the country was torn by U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and the corruption and abuse of power of the Nixon administration. McGovern recognized the mixed results of his 1972 candidacy, saying, "I opened the doors of the Democratic Party and 20 million people walked out."[38] McGovern's campaign also represented the last time a mostly grass roots candidacy was able to wrest control of either party's presidential nomination against the perceived will of a party's leadership, until Senator Barack Obama's nomination in the 2008 Presidental Elections. McGovern has also become more forceful in recent years in drawing historical parallels between the Nixon and Bush administrations and the Vietnam and Iraq wars.
Despite his reputation as a dovish liberal, McGovern has publicly stated he is not a pacifist.[39]
McGovern's legacy also includes a commitment to combating hunger both in the United States and around the globe. In addition to numerous domestic programs, along with former Senator Bob Dole (R-Kansas), he created an international school lunch program through The George McGovern-Robert Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program, which helps fight child hunger and poverty by providing nutritious meals to children in schools in developing countries. McGovern is an honorary life member of the board of Friends of the World Food Program.[40]
[edit] Electoral history
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George McGovern electoral history |
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South Dakota's 1st congressional district, 1956[41]:
South Dakota's 1st congressional district, 1958[42]:
South Dakota United States Senate election, 1960[43]:
South Dakota United States Senate election, 1962[44]:
South Dakota United States Senate election, 1968[45]:
1968 Democratic National Convention[46]:
1972 democratic Presidential primaries[47]
1972 Democratic National Convention[48]:
United States presidential election, 1972
South Dakota United States Senate election, 1974[49]:
Democratic primary for United States Senate, South Dakota, 1980[50]:
1980 Democratic National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)
South Dakota United States Senate election, 1980[51]:
1984 Democratic presidential primaries[52]
1984 Democratic National Convention[53]
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[edit] Multimedia
- George McGovern on Idaho Public Television's "Dialogue" (2005)
- McGovern Campaign Commercials from 1972 and 1984
- Trailer for the film "One Bright Shining Moment"
- 2006 McGovern lecture on fighting world hunger
- "Should the U.S. Get Out of Iraq?" October 18, 2006 The Brian Lehrer Show
- George McGovern advocating a position of a six-month withdrawal from Iraq on NPR, October 1, 2006
- South Dakota Public Television, "A Conversation with George McGovern" (September 14, 2007) regarding WW II experiences
[edit] Further reading
- Ambrose, Stephen, The Wild Blue : The Men and Boys Who Flew the B-24s Over Germany 1944–45, Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-0339-9.
- Clinton, Bill, My Life, Vintage, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
- Hart, Gary, Right from the Start: A Chronicle of the McGovern Campaign, Quadrangle, 1973. ISBN 0-8129-0372-2.
- Marano, Richard Michael, Vote Your Conscience: The Last Campaign of George McGovern, Praeger Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97189-9.
- McGovern, George S., Donald C. Simmons, Jr. and Daniel Gaken. Leadership and Service: An Introduction, Kendall/Hunt Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7575-5109-3.
- McGovern, George S., The Essential America: Our Founders and the Liberal Tradition, Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-6927-6.
- McGovern, George S., Grassroots: The Autobiography of George McGovern, Random House, 1977. ISBN 0-394-41941-3.
- McGovern, George S., Terry: My Daughter's Life-And-Death Struggle With Alcoholism, Plume Books, 1997. ISBN 0-452-27823-6.
- McGovern, George S., The Third Freedom: Ending Hunger in Our Time, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. ISBN 0-7425-2125-7.
- McGovern, George S., A Time of War! A Time of Peace, Vintage Books, 1968. ISBN 0-394-70481-9.
- Thompson, Hunter S., Fear and Loathing: On The Campaign Trail '72, Warner Books, 1973. ISBN 0-446-31364-5.
- Watson, Robert P. (ed.), George McGovern: A Political Life, A Political Legacy, South Dakota State Historical Society Press, 2004.
- White, Theodore H., The Making of the President 1972, Antheneum Publishers, 1973. ISBN 0-689-10553-3.
- "What Might Have Been", article from The Washington Post by Thomas Leahy, February 20, 2005.
- "Come Home, America: Liberals need another George McGovern—and perhaps conservatives do too.", article from The American Conservative by Bill Kauffman, January 30, 2006.
- "The Way Out of War" A blueprint for leaving Iraq now November 8, 2006
- McGovern, George S., "An Impartial Interrogation of George W. Bush" January 12, 2007
[edit] References
- ^ Airport Journals
- ^ Online NewsHour: The Wild Blue - August 16, 2001
- ^ In 1974, Garrett Theological Seminary became Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. See Garrett-Evangelical: An Arranged MarriageRetrieved May 13, 2007.
- ^ The Plight of The Doves - TIME
- ^ The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Politics McGovern Runs for President
- ^ White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1972. Antheneum Publishers. 1973. pp. 17–20. ISBN 0689105533
- ^ White. pp. 24–33
- ^ White p. 122
- ^ White p. 360
- ^ McGovern Moves Front, Maybe Center - TIME
- ^ White p. 123
- ^ White p. 125
- ^ White p. 190
- '^ See, for example, Time Magazines August 7, 1972, cover story, for a contemporaneous view of the McGovern campaign's handling of this issue.
- ^ Who is Karl Rove? | World news | The Guardian
- ^ village voice > news > Mondo Washington: Grime Pays by James Ridgeway
- ^ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
- ^ After the Landslide: Nixon's Mandate - Printout - TIME
- ^ a b c d e f g Meet the Press Transcript for July 15, 2007. "Interview with Robert Novak
- ^ a b c d e f Kansas City Star. "With another disclosure, Novak bedevils the dead" by Steve Kraske. July 28, 2007. The original story is a dead link. An archival copy is available here.
- ^ Columbia Tribune. "A slice of history: Biographers of the late U.S. Sen. Thomas Eagleton of Missouri will find some vivid anecdotes when they comb through his large collection of journals, letters and transcripts housed in Columbia" by Terry Ganey. August 19, 2007
- ^ Seth Tupper, The Daily Republic, Eleanor McGovern dies at age 85, Jan 26, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
- ^ Gordon, Meryl. "Hitting Bottom", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, 1996-06-02. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
- ^ CNN.com - Transcripts
- ^ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0695020 Saturday Night Live George McGovern/Madness (1984)]. IMDB. Retrieved: 03 June 2008.
- ^ WFP appoints George McGovern as Global Ambassador on Hunger | WFP - Latest news - News - Press Releases
- ^ http://www.idahoptv.org/dialogue/showtemplate.cfm?ShowNo=1030
- ^ World Hunger
- ^ One Bright Shining Moment
- ^ Amazon: "Out of Iraq" Amazon.com
- ^ DWU - Press Release
- ^ David S. Broder - The McGovern Landslide - washingtonpost.com
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080507/ap_on_el_pr/mcgovern_clinton
- ^ George McGovern - Why I Believe Bush Must Go - washingtonpost.com
- ^ Freedom Means Responsibility - WSJ.com
- ^ NYTimes http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/us/politics/07cnd-campaign.html?hp
- ^ A Two-for-One Campaign - New York Times
- ^ Jonah Goldberg, "Nedrenaline Rush" August 11, 2006 National Review
- ^ Defense: Pulling Back - TIME
- ^ Home | Friends of the World Food Program
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD District 01 Race - Nov 06, 1956
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD District 01 Race - Nov 04, 1958
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1960
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1962
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1968
- ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Aug 26, 1968
- ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07, 1972
- ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 10, 1972
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1974
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - D Primary Race - Jun 03, 1980
- ^ Our Campaigns - SD US Senate Race - Nov 04, 1980
- ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 20, 1984
- ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 16, 1984
[edit] External links
- Dakota Wesleyan University
- McGovern Center
- McGovern talks about his book, Social Security and the Golden Age
- George McGovern: Cheney is wrong about me, wrong about war — Op-Ed, Los Angeles Times, April 24, 2007
- McGovern 72 Site
- McGovern Tribute Site
- Friends of the World Food Program
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Harold O. Lovre |
Member from South Dakota's 1st congressional district 1957 – 1961 |
Succeeded by Ben Reifel |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Joseph H. Bottum |
Senator from South Dakota (Class 3) 1963 – 1981 Served alongside: Karl E. Mundt, James Abourezk, Larry Pressler |
Succeeded by James Abdnor |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Hubert Humphrey |
Democratic Party presidential candidate 1972 |
Succeeded by Jimmy Carter |
