Hurricane Dean

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Hurricane Dean
Category 5 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Dean approaching the Yucatán Peninsula

Hurricane Dean approaching the Yucatán Peninsula
Formed August 13, 2007
Dissipated August 23, 2007
Highest
winds
175 mph (280 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure 905 mbar (hPa; 26.74 inHg)
Fatalities 32 direct, 12 indirect
Damage $6.6 billion (2007 USD)
$6.9 billion (2008 USD)
Areas
affected		 Windward Islands (especially St. Lucia, Martinique and Dominica), Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua
Part of the
2007 Atlantic hurricane season
This article is about the 2007 hurricane. For other storms named Dean, see Hurricane Dean (disambiguation).

Hurricane Dean was a powerful tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the most intense Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005, and tied for seventh most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded as well as the third most intense Atlantic hurricane ever at landfall. A Cape Verde-type hurricane, Dean took a west-northwest path through the Caribbean Sea, passing just to the south of Jamaica on August 20, making landfall in the Yucatán on August 21, and a second landfall near Tecolutla, Mexico, on August 22 after crossing the Bay of Campeche. At least 44 deaths have been reported and insured damage is estimated at about $6.6 billion (USD).[1]

Dean was the first hurricane to make landfall in the Atlantic basin at Category 5 intensity in 15 years; the last storm to do so was Hurricane Andrew on August 24, 1992.[2] Although Dean was much larger than Andrew, its Category 5 landfall was in a more sparsely populated area and thus far less damaging.

Contents

[edit] Storm history

Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Dean
Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane Season Min. pressure
1 Wilma 2005 882 mbar (hPa)
2 Gilbert 1988 888 mbar (hPa)
3 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
4 Rita 2005 895 mbar (hPa)
5 Allen 1980 899 mbar (hPa)
6 Katrina 2005 902 mbar (hPa)
7 Camille 1969 905 mbar (hPa)
Mitch 1998 905 mbar (hPa)
Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
10 Ivan 2004 910 mbar (hPa)
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce
Storm path
Storm path

On August 11, 2007, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa,[3] and, encountering favorable conditions,[4] quickly developed into Tropical Depression Four about 520 miles (835 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde.[5] The depression moved briskly westward,[6] and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dean at 1500 UTC on August 14.[7] The storm's intensity continued to build[8] although dry air and cooler air inflow from the north were slowing structural development. Ragged bands formed on August 15[9] and the formation of a partial eyewall was observed later that day.[10]

Intensification continued[11] and the storm was upgraded to Hurricane Dean at 5 a.m. EDT (0900 UTC) August 16.[12] The deep-layered ridge to the north continued to steer the system west, towards the Caribbean Sea.[13] The storm quickly strengthened to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.[14][15] The storm's development slowed slightly but[16] a reconnaissance aircraft discovered a closed eyewall on August 17 as the storm passed through the Lesser Antilles.[17] Data from the aircraft indicated that Hurricane Dean had strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane[18] and its trailing bands were still over the Lesser Antilles.[19] During the evening of August 17 Dean strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane[20] and continued to steadily grow in both size and intensifying through the night.[21] On August 18 the presence of a double eyewall was noted,[22] indicating an eyewall replacement cycle and causing short term fluctuations in intensity.[23] These fluctuations did not affect the storm's well defined satellite presentation.[22] Operationally, Dean was thought to have only been a Category 4 on the 18th, but post-storm analysis shows that Dean had become a 165 mph (266 km/h) Category 5 that day before weakening. Dean weakened very slightly on morning of August 19 as it finished the eyewall replacement cycle and began to interact with the island of Jamaica[24]

Hurricane Dean passed south of Jamaica on the evening of August 19[25] and began to intensify again that night.[26] Its eyewall replacement cycle was thought to be completed.[27] A concentric eyewall was briefly observed again on the morning of August 20, but did not last long. The hurricane, still tracking west-northwest under the influence of a strengthening deep-layered high pressure system to the north, moved over waters with extremely high heat content and began to strengthen once again.[28] The eyewall became even better defined throughout the day,[29] and, at 8:35 p.m. AST on August 20 (0035 August 21, UTC), Dean restrengthened to a Category 5 hurricane, the highest rating on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.[30] It made landfall as a Category 5 storm in Quintana Roo's Costa Maya region, some 65 km (40 mi) northeast of the border between Mexico and Belize, and weakened on its way over land, reemerging on the western side of Yucatán as a Category 1 storm.[31] Dean regained strength as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico, and made its second landfall as a Category 2 storm on 22 August, at around 11:30 CDT, near Tecolutla, Veracruz, to the south of Tuxpan, whereafter it moved westward, losing strength and mostly disintegrating over central Mexico. A small remnant circulation did enter the far east Pacific, eventually moving northwestward around an anticyclone, roughly parallel to the Mexican coast and finally back inland over the southwestern United States, where it completely dissipated on 27 August.

[edit] Preparations

Area preparations (marked in red) as of August 19 for Hurricane Dean.
Area preparations (marked in red) as of August 19 for Hurricane Dean.
The hurricane photographed by International Space Station astronauts.
The hurricane photographed by International Space Station astronauts.

About a dozen cruise ships altered their itineraries to avoid the hurricane.[32]

Oil futures moved sharply higher on August 15 as analysts considered the impact of Hurricane Dean on refining capacity if it were to move into the Caribbean as predicted.[33][34] Transocean evacuated 11 "nonessential" workers late on August 15 from an oil rig located about 160 miles (260 km) southeast of New Orleans. The company left about 125 personnel on board the structure.[35] A day later, Royal Dutch Shell evacuated 275 ancillary staff, following an evacuation of 188 due to Tropical Storm Erin.[32]

On August 18, 2007, 10,300 barrels (1,210 m³) of oil and 11 million cubic feet (310,000 m³) of natural gas were shut in per day, accounting for 0.8% of crude production in the Gulf of Mexico. By 11:30 a.m. CST (1630 UTC), two rigs and one platform had personnel evacuations to some degree.[36]

Pemex, the state-owned Mexican oil company, made preparations to shut down oil production on August 19 ahead of Dean,[37] evacuating 13,360 workers from more than 140 oil platforms, using 55 boats and 29 helicopters.[38] As the storm continued to intensify the number of evacuated Pemex workers increased to 18,000 on August 20 and all 407 wells and drilling operations were abandoned. This reduced the worldwide production of oil and natural gas by 2.65 million barrels (311,000 m³) and 2.6 billion cubic feet (74,000 m³) per day, respectively.[39]

[edit] Lesser Antilles

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Dean in the Lesser Antilles

As Hurricane Dean approached the Lesser Antilles the local meteorological services issued watches and warnings, advising residents to prepare for the storm. Hurricane warnings were issued for St. Lucia, Dominica,[40] and Martinique and Guadeloupe and its dependencies.[41] Hurricane watches were issued for Saba and St. Eustatius.[42] Tropical storm warnings were issued for Barbados,[43] Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Nevis, and St. Maarten[44] St. Vincent and the Grenadines,[44] the U.S. Virgin Islands,[45] and the British Virgin Islands.[46] Tropical storm watches were issued for St. Maarten,[42] St. Vincent, Grenada and its dependencies,[43] Montserrat, and Anguilla.[47]

Airports were closed, local authorities set up shelters,[48] and emergency service personnel were readied.[49]

[edit] Greater Antilles

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Dean in the Greater Antilles

A hurricane warning was issued for all of Jamaica,[50] for Haiti from Port-au-Prince to the Dominican border,[51] and for the Dominican Republic from Barahona to the Haitian border.[52] Tropical Storm warnings were issued for the rest of Hispaniola[53] and for coastal Cuba between Camagüey and Guantánamo.[54]

Hundreds of thousands were evacuated from vulnerable low-lying and coastal areas[38] and disaster management programs were activated throughout the Greater Antilles.[55][56][57]

[edit] Belize

A hurricane warning was in effect for the coast and coastal islands north of Belize City and Belizeans prepared for winds of up to 150 miles per hour.[58] On August 16 and 17 the newly created Coastguard met with emergency committees on Caye Caulker and Ambergris Caye to discuss the possibility of evacuating these islands by boat and plane. With tourists taking priority, the Belize National Emergency Management Organization’s coordinator for the islands, Jim Janmohamed, told Great Belize Television he was confident that a full evacuation could be implemented in time should the need arise.[59]

Estimates of damages in the nation rose from BZD$50 million to roughly BZD$200 million over the course of a week as reports of damages to houses and buildings in Corozal and Orange Walk came in. The sugar and papaya industries were severely affected.

[edit] Honduras

Honduras was put on a state of preventative alert for 48 hours, especially the departments to the north of the country, with the Bay Islands being on a state of red alert. There were places ready to accommodate 10,000 people for 15 days if necessary.[60]

[edit] Mexico

On August 17, at the request of the Quintana Roo state government, the Civil Protection Office of Mexico's federal Interior Ministry declared a state of emergency for the entire state, including the towns and cities of Cancún, Playa del Carmen, and Chetumal as well as the islands of Cozumel, Isla Mujeres and Holbox. On August 18 authorities began evacuating people from parts of Quintana Roo, removing 2,500 people from Holbox Island[61][62] and a further 80,000 tourists from elsewhere in the state.[63] With 20,000 food packages ready, the state of Yucatán, Quintana Roo's neighbour to the northwest, declared a green alert,[64] and in Cancún shelter space was prepared for 73,000 people.[65]

At 11 a.m. AST (1500 UTC) on August 19 a hurricane watch was issued on the Yucatán Peninsula from Chetumal to San Felipe.[66]

[edit] United States

The Louisiana Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness activated its Crisis Action Team on August 16 to monitor the storm and coordinate preparation.[67] Governor of Louisiana Kathleen Blanco declared a state of emergency early on the evening of August 17[68] and asked for a presidential emergency declaration to give Louisiana access to federal funds prior to any landfall.[67] Texas suffered severe flooding from several June/July storms, and Tropical Storm Erin ensured that the ground was still saturated. Governor Perry feared that more rainfall from Dean would cause additional flash flooding[69] and had 250 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department crews on standby with boats to assist in potential evacuations. He was willing to deploy up to 10,000 Texas Military Forces soldiers, and did deploy several elements of the Texas State Guard who set up emergency shelters, but the need never arose.[67]

The Texas fuel industry began surging fuel loads to all coastal counties to ensure adequate fuel in the event of Hurricane Dean causing a disruption to the fuel distribution system.[67]

In preparation for an evacuation, the Texas Department of Transportation began preparation for extra evacuation lanes and contraflow.[67]

NASA cut short the STS-118 mission as a precaution in case Dean approached Mission Control at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston.[70] To that effect, mission managers cut the mission's final spacewalk short by two hours,[71] allowing them to land a day earlier than originally planned.[72][73]

[edit] Impact

Fifteen countries felt the effects of Hurricane Dean as its path through the Caribbean Sea claimed 42 lives. The hurricane first brushed the Lesser Antilles on August 17, 2007, and as it passed through the interior of the Caribbean its outer rain bands swept over the Greater Antilles. It passed Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane, and strengthened to a Category 5 storm as it made landfall on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula on August 21. A second landfall on August 22 was less devastating.

Deaths and damage from Hurricane Dean
Country Total
deaths		 State/
region		 State
total		 County/
Municip.		 County
total		 Direct
deaths		 Damage
(USD)		 Source
Belize 0 0 $97 million [74]
Dominica 2 2 ~$162 million [73][75]
Dominican Republic 6 6 Unknown [76]
Haiti 11 11 Unknown [77]
Jamaica 3 3 ~$4.9 billion [78][79][80]
France 2 Martinique 2 0 $679.7 million [81]
Mexico 16 Hidalgo 6 Zacualtipán 2 6 ~$800 million [82][83] [84]
Cuautepec 2
San Agustín Tlaxiaca 1
Pachuca 1
Jalisco 2 Puerto Vallarta 2 2 [85][86]
Michoacán 1 Paracho 1 1 [82][83]
Puebla 6 Tepetzintla 4 6 [82][87]
Pahuatlán 1
Unknown 1
Veracruz 1 Xalapa 1 0 [88][87]
Nicaragua 1 1 Unknown [89]
Saint Lucia 1 1 $6.4 million [1][90][91][92]
United States 1 Florida 1 Sarasota 1 1 None [93]
Totals: 44 40 ~$6.6 billion
Because of differing sources, totals may not match.

[edit] Lesser Antilles

A lifeguard tower stands amongst fallen palm trees in Martinique, two days after Hurricane Dean's passage.
A lifeguard tower stands amongst fallen palm trees in Martinique, two days after Hurricane Dean's passage.
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Dean in the Lesser Antilles

Hurricane Dean entered the Caribbean through the Saint Lucia Channel between St. Lucia and Martinique on August 17, while still a Category 2 hurricane.[17] The storm killed three people, damaged buildings throughout the island chain and devastated the agricultural economies of St. Lucia, Martinique and Dominica.

[edit] Greater Antilles

A house in Kingston, Jamaica destroyed by Hurricane Dean
A house in Kingston, Jamaica destroyed by Hurricane Dean
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Dean in the Greater Antilles

The storm passed to the south of most of the Greater Antilles, but its outer rain bands passed over many of the islands and it delivered hurricane force winds to Jamaica. Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands were mostly spared,[94] but Hurricane Dean passed 50-60 miles (80 - 97 km) south of Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane.[95] In Jamaica the rain caused flooding on the eastern side of the island and landslides on the northeast.[96] Buildings collapsed, roads were blocked, and at least two deaths were confirmed. Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which share the island of Hispaniola were spared much of the hurricane's strength as it passed 270 km (170 miles) to their south.[97][98] Nevertheless 15 people were killed on the island and hundreds of homes were destroyed.[99][100][38]

[edit] Nicaragua

While no land effects have been reported in Nicaragua, a 4-year-old girl drowned on a boat that sank amidst high winds and waves in the Kukra River.[89]

[edit] Mexico

Dean at landfall in Mexico as a Category 5 hurricane
Dean at landfall in Mexico as a Category 5 hurricane

The hurricane hit land near Majahual on the Quintana Roo coast of the Yucatán Peninsula at 08:30 UTC (03:30 EDT) on August 21, 2007. Wind gusts of 200 mph (320 km/h) were reported. The state's tourist cities of Cancún and Cozumel were spared the worst of the storm, but it wreaked havoc in state capital Chetumal, some 65 km south of landfall, causing significant flooding. [101] Communication with the Mayan communities near the landfall location was initially difficult, but news sources are reporting that Majahual, which has a population of 200, was "almost flattened" by the storm. Storm surge and high winds severely damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings.[102] A spokesman for the busy Majahual port said that the harbor will likely be closed for six to eight months.[102] Following the second landfall on the Veracruz coast, two rivers in the mountains of the state of Hidalgo overflowed, and rain fell as far west as the Pacific coast. Veracruz Governor Fidel Herrera said there was "a tremendous amount of damage"[103]. Petroleum production was not severely damaged and was expected to quickly return to normal.[82]

Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
2 Gilbert 1988 900 mbar (hPa)
3 Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
Source: National Hurricane Center

At least 11 deaths have been reported from Hurricane Dean in Mexico. Rainfall amounts of 100-200 mm fell across the states of Jalisco and Nayarit.[104] This rainfall caused one fatality in Jalisco after a mudslide fell on 10 houses, killing one of the occupants.[85] One person died in Puebla after a wall crashed on him in his house, and five other deaths have been reported in Puebla due to mudslides. One person in Veracruz was electrocuted after touching a power line while doing roof repairs. In Michoacán, a man was struck by lightning under a tree in the outer bands of the storm, and two people died in Hidalgo when the roof collapsed in their house.[88][82]

Insured damage in Mexico is currently estimated at up to $400 million.[105]

[edit] United States

While no land impacts of Dean as a tropical cyclone were reported in the United States, heavy surf and rip currents were reported on the beaches of Florida. One person drowned and at least 35 people had to be rescued from Siesta Key due to rip currents.[93]. The remnant circulation of Dean, after lingering off the Pacific Coast for some time, moved inland by Santa Barbara, California, and brought heavy thunderstorms and localized flooding to coastal Southern California on the morning of 26 August[106], and crossed the Mojave Desert on the morning of 27 August. Las Vegas, Nevada, received a daily record of 0.58" of rain, with some flash flooding and minor damage [107].

[edit] Aftermath

[edit] Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

Due to its impact, the name Dean was officially retired on May 13, 2008 by the World Meteorological Organization during its annual meeting in Orlando, Florida. It was replaced by Dorian on List V of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists, which will next be used in the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season.[108]

[edit] See also

Tropical cyclones Portal

[edit] References

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  2. ^ Pasch/Brown (2007). Hurricane Dean Discussion Thirty Three. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
  3. ^ Knabb (2007). August 11 Tropical Weather Outlook (1130). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
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  31. ^ Hurricane weakens after hitting land (Sky News).
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  33. ^ Polya Lesova (2007). Crude oil, natural gas rise sharply on storm worries. MarketWatch. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
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  68. ^ Associated Press (2007). Blanco declares state of emergency. WWLTV. Retrieved on 2007-08-18.
  69. ^ Elizabeth White. "Texas Soaked by Erin, Braces for Dean", Forbes. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. 
  70. ^ Jacqueline Charles; Jim Wyss and Martin Merzer. "Storm warnings posted in Jamaica, Caymans", The Miami Herald, 2007-08-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. 
  71. ^ Staff writer. "Hurricane Dean Forces NASA To Scale Back Final Spacewalk", Associated Press, 2007-08-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. 
  72. ^ Mission Control Center (2007-08-18). STS-118 MCC Status Report #20. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved on 2007-08-18.
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  75. ^ International Monetary Fund (2008-02-08). Dominica's recovery efforts boosted by US$3.3m in IMF emergency assistance. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
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  77. ^ hdnews.net
  78. ^ Alicia Dunkley (2007-09-13). " ODPEM yet to give final figure on 'Dean' damage (Update7). Retrieved on 2007-09-15.
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  81. ^ Reuters (2007-08-30). Dean caused 500 m euro damage in French Caribbean. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
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v • d • e
Retired Atlantic hurricane names
1950s
Carol • Edna • Hazel • Connie • Diane • Ione • Janet • Audrey
1960s
Donna • Carla • Hattie • Flora • Cleo • Dora • Hilda • Betsy • Inez • Beulah • Camille
1970s
Celia • Agnes • Carmen • Fifi • Eloise • Anita • David • Frederic
1980s
Allen • Alicia • Elena • Gloria • Gilbert • Joan • Hugo
1990s
Diana • Klaus • Bob • Andrew • Luis • Marilyn • Opal • Roxanne • Cesar • Fran • Hortense • Georges • Mitch • Floyd • Lenny
2000s
Keith • Allison (TS) • Iris • Michelle • Isidore • Lili • Fabian • Isabel • Juan • Charley • Frances • Ivan • Jeanne
Dennis • Katrina • Rita • Stan • Wilma • Dean • Felix • Noel
Tropical cyclones of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
D
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS 1 2 3 4 5