List of events named massacres

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness.
Revisions and sourced additions are welcome.
Photograph of the My Lai massacre.
Photograph of the My Lai massacre.

This is a list of events named Massacre. The term suggests mass murder and its usage may be controversial.

The word massacre was loaned into English from Middle French, derived from Old French maçacre (and variants) "slaughterhouse, butcher's shop". The term maçacre was already used in Anglo-Norman in the sense of "slaughter of many people" in the 12th century. The word's ultimate origin is from late Latin mazacrium "slaughter". The first recorded use in English of the word massacre dates to the late 16th century, in reference to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The Oxford English Dictionary records:[1]

1578 (R. Lindsay, Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 291): "The xxiiij day of August..the grytt..murther and massecar of Paris wes committit."
1593 (Marlowe) "The massacre at Paris"
1617, (F. Moryson Itinerary I. 131) "I wondered to see the Massacre of Paris painted upon the wall."

Massacre can also be used as a verb, (the first usage of which was "1588 J. PENRY Viewe Publ. Wants Wales 65 Men which make no conscience for gaine sake, to breake the law of the æternall, and massaker soules..are dangerous subjects.")[2], and this usage is not recorded in this list.

Contents


[edit] List of events called massacres

Date Location Name Deaths Description
1002, November 13 Kingdom of England St. Brice's Day massacre[3][4] unknown sm=n Anglo-Saxon king Ethelred II ordered the killing of all Danes living in England.[5]
1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Granada massacre[6][7] c.4,000[8] A Muslim mob crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and killed most of the Jewish population of the city.[9][10]
1325 South Dakota Crow Creek Massacre[11][12] c.500[13] Native Americans indigenous to South Dakota killed Central Plains villagers.[14][13]
1572 Paris, France St. Bartholomew's Day massacre[15][16] c.3,000 over several days.[17] A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots.[18][17][19][unreliable source?]
1622, March 22 Virginia, North America Jamestown Massacre[20][21] 347 The Powhatans killed 347 settlers, almost one-third of the English population of the Virginia colony.
1644, 28 May Bolton, England Bolton Massacre up to 1,600 Royalist forces killed many of the town's defenders and citizens.[22][23][24]
1692, February 13 Scotland Massacre of Glencoe[25] 38[26] Government soldiers, mainly from Clan Campbell, killed members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe.[26]
1735 (estimated) Rue Saint-Séverin, Paris The Great Cat Massacre "sackloads" Apprentice printers slaughtered many cats as a protest.[27][28]
1755, July 8 Virginia Draper's Meadow massacre 5 Shawnee Indians raided a settler outpost in southwest Virginia.
1770, March 5 Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay Boston Massacre 5[29] British troops fired at a mob of colonists. This helped spark the American Revolution even though an all-colonist jury found the soldiers innocent. [30][31]
1771, July 17 Kugluktuk, Nunavut Bloody Falls Massacre 20[32] Chipewyan warriors attacked an Inuit camp, killing men, women and children.[33][34][35]
1780, May 29 South Carolina, United States Waxhaw Massacre[36] 113 After the American defeat at the Battle of Waxhaws British General Sir Banastre Tarleton and his men slaughtered many of the surrendered soldiers.
1792 France September Massacres[37][38] c. 1440 Popular courts in the French Revolution sentenced prisoners to death, including around 240 priests.[39]
1819 Manchester, England Peterloo Massacre 11 killed, over 500 injured[40] Armed cavalry charged a peaceful pro-democracy meeting of 60,000 people.[40]
1838, January Waterloo Creek, Australia Waterloo Creek massacre[41] 100–300 Aboriginal Australians killed. [42][citation needed]
1838, June 10 Myall Creek, Australia Myall Creek massacre[43] 28 A white posse killed Aboriginal Australians. For the first time, the perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to death.[44]
1838, October 30 Caldwell County, Missouri, United States Haun's Mill massacre[45] 19 About 240 Livingston County Missouri Regulators militiamen and volunteers killed 18 Mormons and one ally.[46][47]
1842 Afghanistan Massacre of Elphinstone's army 16,000 Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilians.[48][49][50]
1857, September 11 Mountain Meadows, Utah, United States Mountain Meadows massacre[citation needed] 100-140 Mormon militia and Paiute tribesmen killed unarmed members of the Fancher-Baker emigrant wagon train.
1863, August 21 Kansas, USA Lawrence Massacre c.150[51][52] Pro-Confederate bushwhackers attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas during the American Civil War.[53][54]
1864, 29 November Kiowa County, Colorado Sand Creek massacre c. 200[55] Colorado Territory militia destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho on the eastern plains.[56][57]
1876 Ottoman Empire Batak massacre[citation needed] 5,000 Ottoman army irregulars killed Bulgarian civilians barricaded in Batak's church.[58]
1890, 29 December Wounded Knee, South Dakota Wounded Knee Massacre 178 500 U.S. 7th Cavalry arrived to escort Lakota Sioux people to Nebraska, but fighting broke out.[59][60]
1894-1896 Anatolia, Ottoman Empire Hamidian massacres 80,000 to 300,000

Ordered by Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman forces killed Armenians.[61][62][63]
1906, March 10 Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines Moro Crater massacre[64][65] 800 to 1,000 Forces of the U.S. Army under the command of Major General Leonard Wood, a naval detachment comprising 540 soldiers, along with a detachment of native constabulary, armed with artillery and small firearms, attacked a village hidden in the crater of a dormant volcano.[66]
1919, April 13 India Amritsar massacre 379[67][68] British Indian Army soldiers, led by Brigadier Reginald Dyer fired at unarmed civilians.[67][68]
1920 Dublin, Ireland Croke Park Massacre 15 Auxiliary police (Black and Tans) of the Royal Irish Constabulary fired at Gaelic Football spectators at Croke Park.[69][70]
1928, August-September Coniston, Australia Coniston massacre 31-110 Police-led posses killed Aboriginal Australians. [71]
1929, February 14 Chicago Saint Valentine's Day massacre 7[72] Al Capone's gang shot rival gang members and their associates.[73]
1930, April 23 Peshawar, British Raj Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre 200-250[74][75] Soldiers of the British Raj fired on unarmed non-violent protestors of the Khudai Khidmatgar with machine guns during the Indian independence movement[74][75]
1937-1938 China Nanking massacre[76][77] (Rape of Nanking) 42,000–400,000, median: 260,000[78] The Japanese Imperial Army pillaged Nanking for six weeks[79]
1940 Soviet Union Katyn massacre 21,857[80][81]-25,700[82] Soviet NKVD executed Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers.[83][84]
1941 Soviet Union NKVD prisoner massacres c.100,000[85] The Soviet NKVD executed tens of thousands of political prisoners in the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.[86][87]
1941, 29–30 September Ukraine Babi Yar massacre more than 30,000[88] Nazis killed the Jewish population of Kiev.[88][89][90][91][92]
1942 Laha Airfield, Ambon Island Laha massacre ~300[93] The Japanese killed surrendered Australian soldiers.[93][94]
1942, 10 June Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Lidice massacre 340[95] Nazis killed 192 men, and sent the women and children to Nazi concentration camps where many died.[96][95][97]
1944 Italy Marzabotto massacre c.700-1,800[98] The SS killed Italian civilians in reprisal for support given to the resistance movement.[98][99]
1944, December the Battle of the Bulge, Belgium Malmedy massacre 88 German soldiers shot American POWs (43 escaped).[100]
1953, March 26 Lari near Nairobi, Kenya Lari Massacre ~150 About 150 Kikuyu were killed by fellow tribesmen.[101][102]
1960, March 21 Sharpeville, South Africa Sharpeville massacre 72-90[103] South African police shot down black protesters.[104]
1962 Novocherkassk, Soviet Union Novocherkassk massacre 23-70[105] killed, over 40 wounded[106] The MVD open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation.[107]
1968 South Vietnam My Lai massacre 504[108] US soldiers killed 504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers ranging in ages from 1 to 81 years, mostly women and children.[108][109]
1968 Mexico City, Mexico Tlatelolco massacre 25-350[110] [111] Government troops massacred between 25 (officially) and 350 (according to human rights activists) students on the eve of the 1968 Summer Olympics taking place in Mexico City, and then tried to wash the blood away, along with evidence of the massacre. [111][112]
1970 Kent State University, Ohio, USA Kent State massacre 4 29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed.[113][114][115]
1972, May 30 Lod, Israel Lod Airport massacre 24 Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).[116][117][118][119][120]
1972, September 5 Munich, Germany Munich massacre[121] 11[122] Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group.
1975, July 31 Northern Ireland Miami Showband massacre 5 Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) killed three members of pop group the Miami Showband in a gun and bomb attack. Two UVF members also died when the bomb exploded prematurely.[123][124][125][126][127]
1976 Northern Ireland Kingsmill massacre 10[128] Irish republicans shot ten Irish Protestant workers dead outside the village of Kingsmill in South Armagh, Northern Ireland.[128][129]
1978 March 11 Israel Coastal Road massacre 35 Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.[130][131][132][133]
1982 Iraq Dujail Massacre 148[134] Dujail was the site of an unsuccessful assassination attempt against then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, on July 8, 1982. Saddam Hussein ordered his special security and military forces to carry out a reprisal attack against the town, which resulted in 148 of the town's men being killed.[135][134]
1982 Lebanon Sabra and Shatila massacre 700-3,500 Refugees are killed by the Christian Lebanese Forces militia in refugee camps surrounded by Israeli Defence Forces. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[136][137][138]
1985, 14 August Peru Accomarca massacre 47[139], 69[140] or 74[141] An army massacre of campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho.[140]
1987, August 19 Hungerford, England Hungerford massacre 17 A gunman armed with semi-automatic rifles and a handgun killed 16 people before committing suicide.[142]
1988, March 16 Northern Ireland Milltown massacre 3 Ulster Freedom Fighters member Michael Stone kills three people and injures 60 others in a gun and grenade attack at the funeral of three IRA members being held in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast.[143][144]
1988, March 16 Halabja, Iraq Halabja poison gas attack 5000+ Saddam Hussein orders Iraqi aircraft to drop a mix of nerve agents on the rebellious city of Halabja, in northern Iraq.
1989, June 4 Tiananmen Square, Beijing, People's Republic of China Tiananmen Square Massacre 400-800 Student pro-democracy protestors were killed by the Chinese military.[145][146]
1990, June 4 Aramoana massacre[citation needed] Aramoana, New Zealand 14 David Gray, a mentally disturbed unemployed man, went on a rampage in which 13 people were shot dead, before Gray himself was shot by police after a 22 hour standoff.
1991 Croatia Vukovar massacre 264 Members of the Serb militias, aided by the Yugoslav People's Army, killed Croat civilians and POWs.[147] [148] [149] [150]
1991, December Croatia Voćin massacre[citation needed] 32 Croatian civilians killed by Serb paramilitary units during the Croatian War of Independence[151].
1991, November 18 Croatia Škabrnja massacre[citation needed] 86 Serb paramilitaries, supported by the JNA, captured the village of Škabrnja and killed 25 Prisoners of war and 61 civilians over the next several days.[152].
1992, 26 February Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Khojaly massacre[citation needed] 613 [153] Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, captured the village of Khojaly and killed 613 civilians, of whom 106 were women and 83 were children [154][155][156]
1993, 30 October Greysteel, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland Greysteel massacre 8 Ulster Freedom Fighters opened fire in a crowded bar using an AK-47 and automatic pistol.[157][158][159][160][161][162][163]
1993 Brazil Yanomami Massacre c.16[164]-73[165] Garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) killed Yanomami people.
1994, April 22 Haiti Raboteau Massacre 15 (possibly 50) FRAPH military/paramilitary forces raided the Raboteau, a neighborhood of Gonaives, Haiti as part of a nation wide policy to clamp down on pro-democracy and Aristide supporters.
1994 West Bank Cave of the Patriarchs massacre[166][167]/Ibrahimi Mosque massacre[168] 29 Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an assault rifle killing 29 Muslims and wounding 150 at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque before being subdued and beaten to death.[169][170]
1995, January 22 Israel Beit Lid massacre 21 First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 21 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.[171][172][173][174]
1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Srebrenica massacre/Srebrenica Genocide c.8,000[175] Units of the Army of Republika Srpska killed male Bosniaks; the largest mass killing in Europe since World War II.[175][176]
1996, March 13 Scotland Dunblane massacre 18 A gunman opened fire in a primary school, killing sixteen children and one teacher before killing himself.[177][178][179]
1996 Lebanon 1996 shelling of Qana, AKA: Qana Massacre[180][181] 106 Israeli artillery struck the Unifil Headquarters in Qana which was providing shelter to approximately five hundred Lebanese civilians. UN concluded that the Israeli forces had deliberately targeted the shelter.[182]

[183] [184] [185][186]
1996, 28 April Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia Port Arthur massacre 35 Martin Bryant killed 35 people and wounded two-dozen others mainly at a popular tourist site in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. The event led to gun law reform in Australia[187].[citation needed]
1999, April 20 Jefferson County, Colorado Columbine High School massacre 15 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold assail their Columbine High School, killing 12 students and one teacher, and wounding 24 others. The attack ended when the two assailants committed suicide.
2000, 27 July West Bengal, India Nanoor massacre 11 Killing of 11 landless labourers allegedly by activists of Communist Party of India (Marxist), a political party in India, in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station, in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.[188][189][190]
2002, 27 March Netanya, Israel Passover massacre 30 Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility. [191][192][193][194][195]
2004, September 1 Beslan, Russian Federation Beslan School Massacre 334 civilians killed Armed Chechen separatists[196] took more than 1,200 people hostage at a school. 334 civilians were killed, including 186 school children, and hundreds wounded.[197][198][199]
2005, May 13 Andijan, Uzbekistan Andijan massacre[citation needed] 187 - 700 several hundred demonstrators killed by government troops; according to the government of Uzbekistan 187 people were killed, but a numbre of human rights NGOs and international organiations, including the Human Rights Watch, OSCE and other, around 700 were killed
2007 April 16 Blacksburg, Virginia, United States Virginia Tech massacre 33 Cho Seung-Hui shoots and kills 32 people, and wounds 25 others, in two separate shootings on the campus of Virginia Tech. Cho later committed suicide.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
  3. ^ Ann Williams (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London, p. 54. ISBN 1-85258-382-4, OCLC 51780838. 
  4. ^ Simon Hall (1998). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, p. 297. ISBN 1-57958-107-2. 
  5. ^ Staff. Saint Brices Day massacre, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 26 December 2007
  6. ^ Lucien Gubbay (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press, p. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7. 
  7. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill, p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9. 
  8. ^ Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  9. ^ Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  10. ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Abraham Ibd Daud: On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 11Cent
  11. ^ Lane A. Beck (1995). Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press, p. 231. ISBN 0-306-44931-5. 
  12. ^ Michal Strutin (1999). A Guide to Contemporary Plains Indians. Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Momuments Association, p. 37. ISBN 1-877856-80-0. 
  13. ^ a b Staff. The Crow Creek Massacre www.nebraskastudies.org
  14. ^ Staff, Crow Creek Massacre, University of South Dakota
  15. ^ Alastair Armstrong (2003). France, 1500-1715. London: Heinemann Education Publishers, p. 65. ISBN 0435327518. 
  16. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1978). Kings Or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Tucson, AZ: University of California Press, p. 324. ISBN 0-520-04090-2. 
  17. ^ a b Staff. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Columbia Encyclopedia, Questia Online Library
  18. ^ Staff, Massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day (French history), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  19. ^ userid=oberhot Paris and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: August 24, 1572, Eckerd College web page cites Cole, R. A Travelers History of Paris; Guizot, France, vol. 3 (245 – 306); and http://paris.org web site for the Plan de Brau
  20. ^ Janell Broyles, A Timeline of the Jamestown Colony, p. 22, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004
  21. ^ Alfred Abioseh Jarrett, The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Page 29, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
  22. ^ Bolton history
  23. ^ Lonely Planet
  24. ^ John Tincey, Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning Of The End: Osprey Publishing (March 11, 2003) ISBN 1841763349 p 33 "the `massacre at Bolton' became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda"
  25. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Cites "a1715 BP. G. BURNET Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 156 The Massacre in Glencoe, made still a great noise." and "1957 ‘H. MACDIARMID’ Battle Continues 1 Franco has made no more horrible shambles Than this poem of Campbell's, The foulest outrage his breed has to show Since the massacre of Glencoe!"
  26. ^ a b Glencoe, engraved by W. Miller after J.M.W. Turner, Edinburgh University library
  27. ^ Robert Darnton (1985). The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. ISBN 0394729277. 
  28. ^ Mark Levene, Penny Roberts (1999). The Massacre in History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571819347. 
  29. ^ Zobel, The Boston Massacre, W.W.Norton and Co.(1970), 199-200.
  30. ^ Boston Massacre - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  31. ^ Boston Massacre
  32. ^ Kenn Harper A Day in Arctic History: July 17, 1771 — Slaughter at Bloody Falls, Nunatsiaq News, 29 July 2005
  33. ^ Robin McGrath. Samuel Hearne And The Inuit Oral Tradition, University of New Brunswick, libraries Accessed 23 December, 2007
  34. ^ Staff, Samuel Hearne and David Thompson, trekking in the footsteps, HighBeam Research, (From: Manitoba History Society| Date: 6/1/2005| Author: Binning, Alexander)
  35. ^ Bloody Falls, The Canadian Encyclopedia
  36. ^ Buford's Massacre
  37. ^ Historywiz.com
  38. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Chapter 4, Macmillan, 2006
  39. ^ Dwyer, Phillip and McPhee, Peter (2002). The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook. Routledge, p. 66. ISBN 978-0415199070. 
  40. ^ a b "New plaque for massacre memorial", BBC, 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  41. ^ National Centre for History Education (Australia)
  42. ^ "Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience", Bruce Elder, Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2003
  43. ^ National Centre for History Education (Australia)
  44. ^ "Myall Creek Massacre", Parliament of New South Wales Hansard, June 8, 2000
  45. ^ FAQ "What was the Haun's Mill Massacre?" - Brigham Young University website (abstracted from "Haun's Mill Massacre," in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow, New York: Macmillan, 1992)
  46. ^ Historical Record, Jenson, Vol. 7 & 8, p 671.
  47. ^ History of the Church, Vol. III, pp 182–186.
  48. ^ Afghan and Northwest Border Wars 1834 to 1897
  49. ^ Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838-42
  50. ^ Massacre of Elphinstone's army
  51. ^ William Quantrill and the Lawrence Massacre
  52. ^ Lawrence (Kansas, United States)
  53. ^ The Bloodiest Man In American History
  54. ^ Erastus D. Ladd's Description of the Lawrence Massacre, by Russell E. Bidlack, Summer 1963
  55. ^ Chapter 14: American Military History, Volume I
  56. ^ "Inquiry into the Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864." The Wynkoop Family Research Library. Rootsweb.com: Freepages. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
  57. ^ Hoig, Stan. (1977). The Sand Creek Massacre. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1147-6
  58. ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: Bulgaria, History
  59. ^ National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee National Park Service. Retrieved on 19 February 2008.
  60. ^ The Wounded Knee Massacre
  61. ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 42.
  62. ^ Brief History of the Armenian Genocide
  63. ^ Constitutional Rights Foundation
  64. ^ Mark Twain, Weapons of Satire, pp. 168-178, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY 1992
  65. ^ American Troops Killing Muslims: A Massacre to Remember, by Christine Gibson, AmericanHeritage.com, March 8, 2006
  66. ^ Byler, Charles A. Pacifying the Moros; Military Review, May-June, 2005
  67. ^ a b Staff. Radio 4: This Sceptred Isle: Empire: Amritsar, Episode 83 - 07/06/06, BBC,
  68. ^ a b Massacre-of-Amritsar, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 15 February 2008
  69. ^ David Leeson, "Death in the Afternoon: The Croke Park Massacre, 21 November 1920," Canadian Journal of History, vol. 38, no. 1 (April 2003)
  70. ^ T. Ryle Dwyer, The Squad and the intelligence operations of Michael Collins, Dublin, 2005
  71. ^ "Coniston massacre remembered 75 years on", ABC, September 24, 2003
  72. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Freedom of Information Privacy Act
  73. ^ Al Capone: Chicago's Most Infamous Mob Boss - The Crime library
  74. ^ a b Habib, Irfan (Sep. – Oct. 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930-31". Social Scientist 25 (9–10): pp. 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. 
  75. ^ a b Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research 34 (1): pp. 53–71. 
  76. ^ Honda Katsuichi, The Nanjing Massacre, M.E. Sharp 1998
  77. ^ Fordham University webpage: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/nanking.html Modern History Sourcebook
  78. ^ Matthew White Nanking Massacre, Accessed 17 December 2007. Cites eight sources directly and another ten indirectly. Lowest estimate Spence, The Search for Modern China: 42,000. Highest estimate Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (1997), citing James Yin & Shi Young: 400,000
  79. ^ Justin Harmon Student-Run Conference to Examine Nanking Massacre, Princeton University, November 12, 1997
  80. ^ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage. Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 1-893554-72-4 p. 22
  81. ^ Aleksandr Shelepin's March 3, 1959 note to Khrushchev, with information about the execution of 21,857 Poles and with the proposal to destroy their personal files. Online
  82. ^ Beria's March 1940 proposal to shoot 25,700 Poles from Kozelsk, Ostashkov, and Starobels camps, and from certain prisons of Western Ukraine and Belarus bearing Stalin's signature (among others). proposal online
  83. ^ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000
  84. ^ Staff, Katyn Massacre, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  85. ^ Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1400040051 p. 391
  86. ^ (English) Richard Rhodes (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40900-9. 
  87. ^ Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1400040051 p. 391
  88. ^ a b Staff. The Holocaust Chronicle: Massacre at Babi Yar, The Holocaust Chronicle web site, Access 17 December 2007
  89. ^ Victoria Khiterer (2004). "Babi Yar: The tragedy of Kiev's Jews". Brandeis Graduate Journal 2: 1-16. 
  90. ^ A survivor of the Babi Yar massacre. Heritage:Civilization and the Jews. Public Broadcasting System (PBS). Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  91. ^ Wolfram Wette (2006). The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality, 112. “The massacre at Babi Yar, near Kiev, which claimed the lives of more than thirty thousand Jewish victims on September 29 and 30, 1941, was the largest single mass killing for which the German army was responsible during its campaign against the Soviet Union.” 
  92. ^ Jill Dougherty and Jim Bittermann. "Pope visits Jewish massacre site", CNN, 2001-06-25. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 
  93. ^ a b Saff Fall of Ambon: Massacred at Laha, Australia's War 1939-145 An Australian government website.
  94. ^ Peter Stanley The defence of the 'Malay barrier': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942 principal historian to Australian War Memorial
  95. ^ a b Katerina Zachovalova. War Crime To War Game, Time,September 17
  96. ^ David Vaughan. The Lidice massacre - atrocity and courage website of Czech Radio, 11 June 2002
  97. ^ Lidice memorial
  98. ^ a b Staff, Italy convicts Nazis of massacre BBC, 13 January 2007
  99. ^ Richard Owen. Ten convicted for 1944 massacre, The Times, 15 January 2007
  100. ^ The Malmedy Massacre Revisited - Henri Rogister, Joseph Dejardin et Emile Jamar - Website du C.R.I.B.A. (Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes) [1]
  101. ^ Times dispatch (March 28, 1953), Mau Mau Massacres 150 Natives In Night Raid Near Kenya Capital, New York Times, <http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30614F9345E177B93CAAB1788D85F478585F9> 
  102. ^ Stephen Corradini (1999). Chief Luka and the Lari Massacre: Contrary Notions of Kikuyu Land Tenure and the Mau Mau War. University of Wisconsin-Madison. ISBN 0942615492. 
  103. ^ The Sharpeville Massacre - TIME
  104. ^ The Sharpeville Massacre - A watershed in South Africa
  105. ^ Alessandra Stanley, Russian General Campaigns On Old-Time Soviet Values The New York Times, 13 October 1995
  106. ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300087608 p. 228
  107. ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300087608 p. 226
  108. ^ a b Staff. Murder in the name of war - My Lai, BBC, 20 July 1998
  109. ^ Staff. The My Lai Massacre, PBS Online, 29 March 2005
  110. ^ Former Mexican president sheds light on 1968 massacre, CNN, 4 February 1998
  111. ^ a b Mexican Court Issues Warrant for Former President
  112. ^ Mexico Digs at Last for Truth About 1968 Massacre
  113. ^ "These would be the first of many probes into what soon became known as the Kent State Massacre. Like the Boston Massacre almost exactly two hundred years before (March 5, 1770), which it resembled, it was called a massacre not for the number of its victims but for the wanton manner in which they were shot down." Philip Caputo. "The Kent State Shootings, 35 Years Later", NPR, 2005-05-04. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  114. ^ Rep. Tim Ryan. "Congressman Tim Ryan Gives Speech at 37th Commemoration of Kent State Massacre", Congressional website of Rep. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio), 2007-05-04. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  115. ^ John Lang. "The day the Vietnam War came home", Scripps Howard News service, 2000-05-04. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  116. ^ "In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard an Air France flight from Paris. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." CBC News, The Fifth Estate, "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Accessed June 2, 2008.
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