Carrefour
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Carrefour SA | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Type | Public (Euronext: CA) |
| Founded | 1957 |
| Headquarters | Levallois-Perret, France |
| Key people | José Luis Duran |
| Industry | Retail |
| Products | Discount Stores, Grocery Stores, Convenience stores, Cash&Carry, Hypermarkets, Optical, Pharmacy, Clothing, Cosmetics and more |
| Revenue | ▲ € 77,9 billion (2006) |
| Operating income | ▲ € 3,274 billion (2006) |
| Net income | ▲ € 2,269 billion (2006) |
| Total assets | ▲ € 28,531 billion (2006) |
| Total equity | ▲ € 10,503 billion (2006) |
| Employees | 456,295 (2006) |
| Website | www.carrefour.com |
Carrefour SA (Euronext: CA) (pronounced [karˈfur]) is a French international hypermarket chain, with a global network of outlets. It is the second largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue after Wal-Mart. Carrefour operates mainly in Europe, Brazil, Argentina, Dominican Republic and Colombia, but also has shops in North Africa and Asia. Carrefour means junction in French.
Contents |
[edit] History
The first Carrefour store opened on 3 June 1957, in suburban Annecy near a crossroads (carrefour in French). Today it is the smallest Carrefour location in the world. The group was created by Marcel Fournier and Denis Defforey and grew into a chain from this first sales outlet. In 1999 it merged with Promodès, known as Continent, one of its major competitors on the French market.
Marcel Fournier and Denis Defforey had attended several seminars in the United States led by "The Pope of modern distribution" Bernardo Trujillo, who influenced other famous French executives like Édouard Leclerc (E.Leclerc), Gérard Mulliez (Auchan), Paul Dubrule (Accor), and Gérard Pélisson (Accor). Their slogan was "No parking, no business.".
The Carrefour group pioneered the concept of a hypermarket[dubious ], a large supermarket and a department store under the same roof. They opened their first hypermarket 15 June 1963 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, near Paris in France[1].
In April 1976, Carrefour launched a private label Produits libres (free products -- libre meaning free in the sense of liberty as opposed to gratis) line of fifty foodstuffs, including oil, biscuits, milk, and pasta, sold in unbranded white packages at substantially lower prices. The popularity of these products led critics on the political right to charge that Carrefour was undermining capitalism by acclimating the population to generic (rather than brand name or specialty) foods.[citation needed] In particular, Jean Mothes, an executive at Perrier, wrote in Investir magazine that Carrefour did more to accelerate the change to a socialist-led government than socialist politicians and syndicalists like Edmond Maire, Georges Marchais, François Mitterrand and Georges Séguy.[citation needed]
[edit] Slogans
- Hypermarkets: "Choice and quality for everyone"
- Supermarkets: "The prices people want, close to home"
- Hard Discount: "Grocery products at low, low prices"
- Convenience Stores: "Just what you need, right next door"
- Cash & Carry: "Proximity and accessibility for catering professionals"
[edit] Carrefour around the world in September 2007
Directly owned
Under franchise
[edit] Americas
- Carrefour has a presence in 4 countries in the Americas: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic. Carrefour is active in 3 types of retail distribution: hypermarkets, supermarkets and hard discounters, and entered the Cash & Carry market in Brazil, after the purchase of Atacadão[2].
| Country | First store | Hypermarkets | Supermarkets | Hard Discounters | Convenience Stores | Cash & Carry |
| Argentina | 1982 | 59 | 103 | 395 | - | - |
| Brazil | 1975 | 150 | 38 | 300 | 5 | 34 |
| Colombia | 1998 | 46 | - | - | - | - |
| Dominican Republic | 2000 | 5 | 10 | - | 20 | 85 |
[edit] Asia
- In 1989, Carrefour became the first international retailer to establish a presence in Asia when it entered Taiwan through a joint venture with Uni President Enterprises Corporation. It leveraged the experience it gathered in Taiwan to expand into other Asian markets. Carrefour also operates in the United Arab Emirates and Jordan in a joint venture with Majid al Futtaim [1]. In March of 2007 Carrefour opened a store in Kuwait in the Avenues mall. In Oman, Carrefour opened a store in 2003 on the outskirts of the city of Muscat.
| Country | First store | Hypermarkets | Supermarkets | Hard Discounters |
| China | 1995 | 112 | - | - |
| Indonesia | 1998 | 37 | - | - |
| Japan | 2000 | 7 | - | - |
| Jordan | 2007 | 1 | - | - |
| Kuwait | 2007 | 1 | - | - |
| Malaysia | 1994 | 12 | - | - |
| Oman | 2000 | 2 | - | - |
| Qatar | 2000 | 3 | - | - |
| Saudi Arabia | 2004 | 5 | - | - |
| Singapore | 1997 | 2 | - | - |
| Taiwan | 1989 | 48 | - | - |
| Thailand | 1996 | 25 | - | - |
| United Arab Emirates | 1995 | 11 | - | - |
[edit] Africa
| Country | First store | Hypermarkets | Supermarkets | Hard Discounters |
| Algeria | 2005 | 1 | - | |
| Egypt | 2002 | 5 | - | |
| Tunisia | 2001 | 1 | 2 | - |
[edit] Europe
| Country | First store | Hypermarkets | Supermarkets | Hard Discounters | Convenience Stores | Cash & Carry |
| Belgium | 2000 | 56 | 280 | - | 257 | - |
| Cyprus | 2006 | 5 | 4 | - | - | - |
| France | 1960 | 218 | 1,021 | 897 | 3,245 | 134 |
| Greece | 1991 | 28 | 210 | 397 | 216 | - |
| Italy | 1993 | 59 | 485 | - | 1,015 | 20 |
| Poland | 1997 | 72 | 277 | - | 5 | - |
| Portugal | 1992 | - | - | 471 | - | - |
| Romania | 2001 | 11 | 21 | - | - | - |
| Spain | 1973 | 161 | 87 | 2,912 | 3 | - |
| Turkey | 1993 | 19 | 99 | 519 | - | - |
[edit] Store brands
Hypermarkets: Carrefour, Atacadão.
Supermarkets: Carrefour Bairro, Carrefour Express, Champion, Champion Mapinomovaoe, Globi, GB Supermarkets, GS, Norte, Gima, Artima[3].
Hard discount stores: Dia, Ed, Minipreço.
Convenience stores: 5 minutes, 8 a HuiT, Marche Plus, Proxi, Sherpa, Dìperdì, Smile Market, Ok!, Contact GB, GB Express, Shopi.
Cash & Carry: Promocash, Docks Market, Gross IPer.
[edit] Criticism and controversies
On 26 June 2007 the company was convicted in a French court for false advertising. The suit alleged that Carrefour regularly stocked insufficient quantities of advertised products for sale. In addition, the company was convicted of selling products below cost and accepting kickbacks from wholesalers. Carrefour was ordered to pay a fine of €2 million and to prominently and legibly display a notice in all of its French stores disclosing the false advertising.[4]
In Carrefour Mangga Dua Square, Jakarta, Indonesia, a 5-metre high metal rack fell on top of a 3-year old boy, killing him almost instantly due to internal bleeding.[5] Afterwards, the victim's family claimed that Carrefour has refused to meet with them to settle the case.[6] However, Carrefour Corporate Affairs Officer denied this allegation[7]
Carrefour has also received criticism for engaging in sweatshop practices.[8]
[edit] Boycott of supplies in China
In April 2008, after the 2008 Olympic torch relay was disrupted by Tibetan independence advocates in London and especially Paris, where some protesters attempted to wrest control of the torch from torch bearers, Chinese activists have promoted boycotting Carrefour because of its French roots. [9] The boycott of Carrefour in particular was further fueled by unsubstantiated rumours that a major shareholder, Moët Hennessy - Louis Vuitton, had donated to the Dalai Lama. In its response, Carrefour China stated that it does support the Beijing Olympics; and that they will never do anything to harm the feelings of Chinese people. [10] Protests occurred in and around a number of Carrefour outlets throughout China, and anti-Carrefour advocates campaigned for a one-day boycott of Carrefour on May Day, a public holiday in China.
As a result of the boycott, Chinese search engine Baidu.com.cn and Google.cn have blocked access to Carrefour's website in China. Users searching 家乐福, Carrefour in Chinese, will be given an error page indicating "The search result may contain illegal content, so we can not display the result." in Chinese.[11]
[edit] Former countries
- Chile ― In 2004, Carrefour sold its 8 hypermarkets in Chile to D&S;
- Czech Republic and Slovakia — In September 2005, Carrefour sold to Tesco (the biggest UK retailer) 11 stores in the Czech Republic and four in Slovakia. Tesco paid €57.4 million as well as its stores in Taiwan. Carrefour had opened its first store in 1998 in the Czech Republic and in 2000 in Slovakia. The stores still use the Carrefour name and brand;
- Hong Kong — In the late 1990s, Carrefour moved out of Hong Kong after complaints from manufacturers about selling products (especially electronics) at prices far below those of its competitors.[citation needed] Carrefour previously had stores in Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Heng Fa Chuen.
- Indonesia — A fully functional, ready-to-open Carrefour hypermarket in Bali is currently having problems prior to opening in March, 2007 due to legal disputes with the Balinese Tribal Regencies;[citation needed]
- Japan — In 2005, Carrefour sold its 8 hypermarkets to AEON Group, but stores still use the Carrefour name and brand;
- Mexico — In March 2005, Carrefour sold its 29 hypermarkets in Mexico to Chedraui. Carrefour had opened its first store in 1995 in Mexico;
- Portugal — Carrefour entered Portugal by buying its first stores in 1991 - two Euromaché hypermarkets, in Telheiras (a Lisbonneighborhood) and Vila Nova de Gaia (suburbs of Oporto); This chain was known to have very good quality products, mainly from French origin, when in July 2007 Carrefour sold all of its 12 hypermarkets and 9 fuel stations to Sonae for €662 million. Also included were 11 licenses for opening new commercial spaces. Nowadays only the 365 hard-discount supermarkets (Minipreço) are supported by Carrefour in this country, not included in the takeover.
- South Korea — In 2006, Carrefour sold its 32 hypermarkets to E-Land. The stores are being re-branded as Homever, a chain of supermarkets specializing in home furnishing;
- Switzerland - In August 2007 Carrefour sold its 12 hypermarkets in Switzerland to Swiss retailer Coop for $390 million;[12]
- United Kingdom — Carrefour had several hypermarkets in the UK until the 1980s. The first of these was opened in the early 1970s in Caerphilly, South Wales. Subsequent outlets were opened at Merry Hill, Dudley; Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham; Glasshoughton (near Castleford); Eastleigh, Hampshire; MetroCentre (near Gateshead); Telford Shopping Centre, Shropshire and Cribbs Causeway in Bristol. All stores were later acquired by the Dee Corporation, but continued to trade as Carrefour for some time before being converted to Gateway Superstores. Today many of the old Carrefour stores in the UK are branches of Asda.
- United States — Carrefour opened hypermarkets in Philadelphia and Voorhees Township, New Jersey, in 1988 and 1992 respectively. Both stores closed in 1993. Some associates wore roller skates to facilitate moving about the large building. The Voorhees location now houses a Kohl's department store, a Raymour & Flanigan furniture store, and a Marshalls discount clothing store. The Philadelphia location (within the Franklin Mills Mall complex) houses a Wal-Mart and a few other stores.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ (French) Hugues Joublin, L'aventure du premier hyper, L'Expansion, 06/05/1993
- ^ Carrefour purchases Atacadão and becomes leader of the segment in Brazil - UOL (Portuguese)
- ^ Polish Enterprise Fund V sells Artima supermarkets to the French retailer Carrefour for 55m euros
- ^ (French) Carrefour condamné pour publicité mensongère
- ^ A 3-year old boy died when a metal rack fell onto him
- ^ Victims Family is Refused to Meet Carrefour Officials
- ^ Carrefour Officials deny refusing victim's family
- ^ Bangladesh - Carrefour has to do better
- ^ Carrefour faces China boycott bid
- ^ 家乐福中国对近日出现的一些不实传闻的声明
- ^ Chinanews.com article dated April 30th, 2008
- ^ Carrefour sell its hypermarkets to Swiss retailer Coop for $390 million.
[edit] External links
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||
|
||||||||
