Timeline of Slovenian history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a timeline of key events in the history of Slovenia, both of the Slovenes and the other ethnicities who once lived or do live on Slovene ethnic territory or in the geographical bounds of Slovenia.

1200s BC - 500s BC -300s BC - 200s BC - 100s BC - 0s BC - 1s - 100s - 200s - 300s - 400s - 500s - 600s - 700s - 800s - 900s - 1000s - 1200s - 1300s - 1400s - 1500s - 1600s - 1700s - 1800s - 1830s - 1840s - 1850s - 1860s - 1870s - 1890s - 1900s - 1910s - 1920s - 1930s - 1940s - 1950s - 1960s - 1970s - 1980s - 1990s - 2000s
See also


History of Slovenia
Samo's Realm
Carantania
Carniola
March of Carniola
Windic march
Illyrian Provinces
Kingdom of Illyria
Duchy of Carniola
Drava Banovina
Province of Ljubljana
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia

[edit] 1200s BC

[edit] 500s BC

  • The Adriatic Veneti are dwelling in northeastern Italy and parts of Slovenia. A well-developed Illyrian population exists as far north as the upper Sava valley in what is now Slovenia. Illyrian friezes discovered near the present-day Slovene city of Ljubljana depict ritual sacrifices, feasts, battles, sporting events, and other activities. The Adriatic Veneti are not to be confused with the Vistula Veneti (see Veneti (disambiguation)).

[edit] 300s BC

  • Celtic peoples settle in the area of modern Slovenia. Their legacy is attested in geographic names, such as place names Bohinj, Tuhinj and river names Sava, Savinja and Drava.

[edit] 200s BC

[edit] 100s BC

[edit] 0s BC

[edit] 1s

Slovenia under the Roman Empire
Slovenia under the Roman Empire
  • 7 - Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolt, and are overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus (15 BC-19), after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for two years.
  • 9 - The Roman Empire finally conquers Pannonia (which includes the biggest part of present-day Slovenia). Roman legions stay in Poetovio (modern Ptuj).
  • Circa 40 - The Noricum Kingdom is ultimately incorporated to the Roman Empire by the Roman caesar Claudius (10 BC-54, reigned 41-54). Noricum includes Carinthia and most of Styria. Hence, the entire territory of modern Slovenia is within the borders of the Roman Empire.
  • 46 - Celeia (modern Celje) gets its municipal rights under the name municipium Claudia Celeia.

[edit] 100s

[edit] 200s

  • Circa 290 - Noricum is divided under Roman Emperor Diocletian (245-313, reigned 284-305) into Noricum Ripense (along the Danube) and Noricum Mediterraneum (the southern mountainous district).

[edit] 300s

[edit] 400s

[edit] 500s

  • Circa 550 - The first wave of Slavic settlement, originating from Moravia, reaches the Eastern Alps region and the western margin of the Pannonian plain.
  • 568 - Langobards leave the territories of modern Slovenia and the borderlands of Pannonia, moving into Italy.
  • 585/595 - The second and most important wave of Slavic settlement takes place. Slavs and Avars settle in Eastern Alps (Julian Alps, Karavanke), eventually occupying an area more than twice the size of today's Slovenia. Slavic settlement is proven by the decline of dioceses in the Eastern Alpine region in second half of the 6th century, as well as in the change of population, the material culture and the linguistic identity of the area.
  • Upon the arrival of Slavs, the remains of the aboriginal romanised population initially fled to elevated areas where they built fortresses, called kašteli. Parts of them also moved to Italy or the cities along the Adriatic coast. Subsequently, the romanised aborigines assimilated with the Slavs, eventually enriching their culture. Slovenian toponyms derived from ethnonym Lahi (for example, Laško, Laški rovt, Lahovče and others) are reminiscent of the aboriginal romanised population. It was also from the latter that Slavs adopted a number of geographical names, such as hydronyms Drava, Sava, Soča and the territorial name Kranjska.

[edit] 600s

Hypothetical borders of Karantania around 828
Hypothetical borders of Karantania around 828
  • Slavs of the Eastern Alps and Pannonia were originally subject to the rule of Avar khagans. In 610, Avars attempt to invade Italy. After their power is weakened, a relatively independent March of Slavs (Marca Vinedorum) appears.
  • 623 - Uprising of Slavs led by Samo1 against Avars. Samo's Tribal Union is formed.
  • 631 - The Battle of Wogastisburg (probably Forchheim) between Samo's army and Austrasian forces, led by Merovingian king Dagobert I of the Franks (603-639, reigned 629-639).
  • 658 - Samo's death. The Tribal Union declines, but a part of the March of Slavs maintains independence and becomes known in historical sources under the name of Carantania. The center of Karantania was Zollfeld (Slovene Gosposvetsko polje), north of modern Klagenfurt (Slovene Celovec).

[edit] 700s

  • 745 - Karantania loses its independence and becomes a margraviate and tantamount part of the semifeudal Frankish empire later under the rule of king Charlemagne (742-814, reigned 771-814) due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east.
  • In late 8th century, the Slavic duchy of Carniola is formed south of the Karavanke mountains. The only known duke, Vojnomir, is historically attested in 795.

[edit] 800s

Central Europe around 870
Central Europe around 870

[edit] 900s

[edit] 1000s

[edit] 1200s

[edit] 1300s

[edit] 1400s

  • 1414 - The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron (1377-1424) thrones according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone and he addresses again as an archduke.
  • 1451 April 11 - Celje acquires town rights by orders from Celje count Frederic II (Friderik II).
  • 1461 - Ljubljana becomes the seat of the diocese.
  • 1473 - The city walls and defensive moat are built in Celje.

[edit] 1500s

[edit] 1600s

[edit] 1700s

  • 1701 - The Philharmonic Society (Academia philharmonicorum) is established in Ljubljana.

[edit] 1800s

  • 1809 - The Lower Carinthia incorporates to France as Duchy of Carinthia was divided into two parts, Upper or Western Carinthia and Lower or Eastern.

[edit] 1810s

  • 1813 - The Lower Carinthia is reconqured.

[edit] 1820s

[edit] 1830s

[edit] 1840s

Kozler's Map of the Slovene Land and Provinces (Zemljovid slovenske dežele in pokrajin) 1848.
Kozler's Map of the Slovene Land and Provinces (Zemljovid slovenske dežele in pokrajin) 1848.
  • 1845 - First works on the "Southern Railway" between Celje and Ljubljana begin,
  • 1846 April 27- First locomotive of the "Southern Railway" comes to Celje.
  • 1846 May 18 - Trial run of the first train on the "Southern Railway" to Celje is performed.
  • 1846 June 2 - The "Southern Railway" to Celje is open for public.
  • 1848 - The United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija), the first Slovene political programme rises.
  • 1848 April 18 - The Ljubljana railway station is finished.
  • 1849 August 18 - First locomotive arrives at Ljubljana railway station.
  • 1849 September 16- First train of the "Southern Railway" arrives in Ljubljana.
  • 1849 September 19 - "Southern Railway" to Ljubljana is ceremonially opened.
  • 1849 - The Duchy of Carinthia is created as a separate crownland.

[edit] 1850s

  • 1850 May 14 - Emperor Francis Joseph lays the foundation stone of Trieste railway station.
  • 1851 - Society of St. Hermagoras (Mohorjeva družba) first Slovene publisher is established in Klagenfurt (Celovec), which publishes books in Slovene.
  • 1857 July 18 - The "Carinthian railway" between Maribor and Klagenfurt is being built.
  • 1857 July 27 - The "Southern Railway" is completed and opened.

[edit] 1860s

  • 1862 November 12 - The railway line of the "Carintnhian railway" on the route Maribor - Vuzenica is built.
  • 1863 - May 31 - The "Carinthian railway" is built
  • 1864 - The Kozler brothers establish the Pivovarna Union (The Union Brewery).
  • 1869 May 17 - Rally at Vižmarje near Ljubljana gathers around 30,000 people where programme of the United Slovenia is demanded.

[edit] 1880s

[edit] 1890s

[edit] 1900s

  • 1900 - Liberal middle class founds the first Slovene bank, The Credit bank of Ljubljana (Ljubljanska kreditna banka).
  • 1902 - First telephone is mounted in Celje.
  • 1907 - Electricity is used in a lead mine in Mežica.
  • 1907 - The Celje hall (Celjski dom) is built in Celje.
  • 1908 - The "Karavanke railway" is built.

[edit] 1910s

  • 1912 - The Preporod (Rebirth), a juvenile movement is established. Many members have political connections with the pro-Serb organization Young Bosnia (Mlada Bosna).
  • 1912-1915 - A hydroelectric station in Završnica (2500 kW) is being built.
  • 1913 April 12 - Ivan Cankar in Ljubljana gives a speech Slovenes and Yugoslavs for the socialist society Vzajemnost (Mutuality) about Slovenes to unite politically but not culturally with other South Slavs and Yugoslavism.
  • 1913 - Celje is electrified. Westen's dishes factory uses electricity in industry.
  • 1914 - The railway on the route Novo mesto - Karlovac begins to run.
  • 1914 June 28 - Austrian Archduke Franc Ferdinand a heir to the Austrian throne and his wife Countess Sophie are killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia at the hands of a pro-Serb nationalist assassin (a Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Young Bosnia) -- World War I begins.
  • 1915-1918 - The Soča River front. In 11 Soča offensives Italians captured just Gorizia (Gorica) and a few frontier sites. On these battlefields many Slovenes in Austro-Hungarian army died (for example at the Battle of Doberdò).
  • 1917 May 30 - May Declaration of Slovene, Croatian and Serb representatives in the Vienna parliament signed by Anton Korošec about arrangement of a unified common state of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs living within the Habsburg monarchy.
  • 1917 July 20 - The Corfu Declaration is signed between the Yugoslav committee (Jugoslovanski odbor) and the Serb government and becomes the basis for the formation of the Yugoslav state.
  • 1917 October 24 - November 9 - The Battle of Kobarid between Austrian forces, reinforced by German units and the Italian army. The Italian army withdraws to the Piave River, where the they blocked the enemy before the arrive of the military assistance of the British and French.
  • 1918 October 6 - National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs is established in Zagreb. It becomes the political representative body of South Slavs in Austria-Hungary.
  • 1918 October 29 - National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs breaks off all relations with Austria-Hungary and proclaims a short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Slovenia joins a new state with an independent State authority. The state is not recognized internationally.
  • 1918 November 1 - General Rudolf Maister takes over the authority of the Maribor garrison.
  • 1918 November 3 - Austria-Hungary surrenders.
  • 1918 November 18 - Germany surrenders. World War I ends.
  • 1918 December 1 - The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joins with the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS). Today it is believed that this was a great historical fault although at that time this was probably the only sensible decision because Italy according to the London Pact with the victorious Entente forces from 1915 without bias occupied Primorska, Istria (Istra) and Zadar in Dalmatia and Serbia was pressing for unification.
  • 1918 - Nitrogen factory (Tovarna dušika) in Ruše is built.
  • 1918 - A hydroelectric station Fala on the Drave river (31.150 kW) is built.
  • 1919 January 18 - The Paris Peace Conference begins. Woodrow Wilson gives his "14 Points" address. The 9th and the 10th are crucial for Slovenes within former Austro-Hungarian borders.
  • 1919 June 28 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed between Germany and victorious three Entente powers.
  • 1919 September 10 - The Treaty of Saint-Germain with republic of Austria. It confirms the break of Austria-Hungary. Its territory comes down to newly formed countries Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. South Tirol with mainly German population falls to Italy.
  • 1919 - The University of Ljubljana (Univerza v Ljubljani) is established.

[edit] 1920s

  • 1920 June 4 - The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary Burgenland (Gradiščansko) falls to Austria and Transmuraland (Prekmurje) to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
  • 1920 July 13 - Croatian National hall in Pula and Slovene national hall in Trieste are burned down by Italian fascists.
  • 1920 August 14 - A security agreement is signed between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
  • 1920 October 10 - Carinthian Plebiscite.
  • 1920 November 12 - The Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where Slovenia loses almost the whole province of Primorska, which is incorporated back again after the 2nd World War. Italy also gets the whole Istria together with the Trieste region (Tržaško).
  • 1920 - The "Kulturbund" - a cultural and educational organization of German national minority is established. Later becomes the nazi organization, which operates in Yugoslavia as a fifth column.
  • 1921 June 28 - St. Vitus Day Constitution (Vidovdanska ustava) is adopted. It legalizes a monarchal regulation and centralism in a new state and also the supremacy of the court and the Serb politics linked with it.
  • 1921 July - An allied treaty for insurance of a situation in East Europe, attained in the Paris Peace Conference, is made by Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This alliance supplements the security agreement between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and gets the name "Small entente".
  • 1922 - Julian March (Julijska krajina) is incorporated to Italy.
  • 1923 March - Prefect of Julian March interdicts Slovene and Croatian language at the administration.
  • 1925 October 15 - Italian king issues a decree, which interdicts Slovene and Croatian language also at courts of justice.
  • 1927 - Founding of the TIGR at Goriško, Slovene anti-fascist organisation, first such European organization and a secret youth organization Borba (The fight) at the Trieste region.
  • 1929 January 6 - The king Alexander I. with a coup d'état dissolves the parliament and establishes the January 6 Dictatorship. He abolishes the St. Vitus Day constitution, freedom of the press and the pooling rights.
  • 1929 October 3 - The king Alexander I renames the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. All political parties are prohibited.

[edit] 1930s

  • 1930 - Italian fascists discover some TIGR's cells and five members of TIGR (other sources of Borba) are killed at Bazovica.
  • 1931 May 9 - To hide a dictatorship the king Alexander I. initiates the bestowal constitution, which introduces the two-chamber parliament.
  • 1933 February 16 - The Little Entente formed between Romania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
  • 1934 February 9 - The Balkan Entente formed between Romania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey.
  • 1934 October 9- The king Alexander I. Karađorđević, who reigned since 1921, is assassinated in Marseille together with a French foreign minister Louis Barthou by Croatian extremist nationalists.
  • 1935 - Milan Stojadinović becomes prime minister. His government begins to drop Yugoslavia's traditional leaning toward France and starts to connect economically and politically with Germany and Italy.
  • 1937 - The National Academy of Sciences and Arts is established in Ljubljana.
  • 1938 March 13 - Adolf Hitler annexes Austria to the Nazi Germany. Slovenes in Austrian Carinthia practically become German citizens.
  • 1938 - Some members of TIGR plan an attempt on Mussolini's life, when he visits Kobarid.
  • 1938 December - Dragiša Cvetković becomes prime minister . He signs an agreement with the leader of Croatian opposition Vladko Maček allowing for the foundation of the Banovina of Croatia as the sole autonomous political and territorial unit in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This agreement does not solve the national problem since it just distributes the authority among Serbs and Croats.

[edit] 1940s

Flag of SR Slovenia
Flag of SR Slovenia
  • 1941 April 6 - German, Italian and Hungarian occupying forces occupy Slovenia and divide it into three parts. One of the darkest times of the Slovene history begins.
  • 1941 April 11 - German army occupies the Zasavje districts, where important pits, heavy industry and traffic crossroads lie.
  • 1941 April 17 - Royal Yugoslav army signs its surrender in Belgrade.
  • 1941 April 19 - A Nazi politician and SS chief leader Heinrich Himmler visits Celje and among other he inspects the prison of the Stari pisker ("Old pot").
  • 1941 April 26 - An anti-fascist organization, the Liberation Front of Slovene nation (Osvobodilna fronta Slovenskega ljudstva) (OF) is established in Ljubljana. It is active on all Slovene ethnical territory, as well in Carinthia, Primorska region in the Venetian province and Slovene Raba region (Slovene Slovensko Porabje, Hungarian Szlovén-vidék or Rába-vidék).
  • 1941 May 8 - A decision about the organization of the OF in the Zasavje districts in Trbovlje, Zagorje and Hrastnik is adopted.
  • 1941 July - Armed resistance begins.
  • 1941 August 1 - The first Slovene partisan unit in the Zasavje distrincts, the Revirje company (Revirska četa) is established at the Čemšeniška Alpine meadow. 70 fighters were counted.
  • 1941 December 12 - A battle between German policemen and Slovene partisans near the village of Rovte.
  • 1943 March 1 - Dolomite declaration.
  • 1943 September 16 - The supreme plenum of OF proclaims the association of Slovene maritime province (Slovensko primorje) to Slovenia.
The territory of present day Slovenia
The territory of present day Slovenia

[edit] 1950s

  • 1954 - Free Territory of Trieste expires after the London Memorandum is signed between the US, Great Britain, Italy and Yugoslavia. Trieste becomes Italian. Slovenia gets the north of Istria.
  • 1955 - Informbiro ends. Josip Broz Tito and Nikita Khrushchev sign the Belgrade declaration, which also recognizes a Yugoslav form of socialism.

[edit] 1960s

[edit] 1970s

  • 1978 - The "South railway" is electrified.

[edit] 1980s

[edit] 1990s

Flag of Slovenia
Flag of Slovenia

[edit] 2000s

Flag of European Union
Flag of European Union

[edit] References

  • Cvirn et al.: Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev. Ljubljana : Mladinska knjiga, 1999. (COBISS)