Near-open central vowel
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See also: IPA, Consonants
| Edit - 2× | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back |
| Close | |||||
| Near‑close | |||||
| Close‑mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Open‑mid | |||||
| Near‑open | |||||
| Open | |||||
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right
represents a rounded vowel.
represents a rounded vowel.
| IPA – number | 324 |
| IPA – text | ɐ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ɐ |
| X-SAMPA | 6 |
| Kirshenbaum | &" |
| Sound sample | |
The near-open central vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɐ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 6. The IPA symbol is a upside-down printed letter 'a'.
Contents |
[edit] Features
- Its vowel height is near-open, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but slightly more constricted.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its vowel roundedness may be rounded or unrounded. If precision is desired, the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, for the unrounded near-open central vowel, [ɜ̞], and the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel with a lowering diacritic may be used for the rounded near-open central vowel, [ɞ̞].
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Standard[1] | ? | [t̪afɑqɑˈtɐː] | ? | Allophone of long and short /a/ before a word boundary. See Arabic phonology |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 心 sam1 | [sɐm˥] | 'heart' | See Standard Cantonese |
| English | California[2] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | <ʌ> may be used to transcribe this vowel as it corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
| RP[3] | |||||
| German | Ober | [ˈoːbɐ] | 'upper' | Reduced vowel. See German phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[4] | saca | [sakɐ] | 'sack' | Reduced vowel. In European Portuguese it may be closer to a mid vowel.[5] See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian[6] | голова | [gəlɐˈva] | 'head' | Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Tadaksahak | [nɐ] | 'to give' | |||
| Vietnamese | ăn | [ɐn] | 'to eat' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
[edit] Notes
- ^ Thelwall (1990:39)
- ^ Ladefoged (1999:?)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (1995:229)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett & Tabain (2005:16)
[edit] References
- Barbosa, Plínio A. & Eleonora C. Albano (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, 41-44
- Padgett, Jaye & Marija Tabain (2005), "Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian", Phonetica 62 (1): 14-54
- Roca, Iggy & Wyn Johnson (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37-41
