History of Hindustani
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It has been suggested that History of Urdu be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) |
The history of the Hindi dialect continuum (including Urdu), i.e. the Central zone dialects of Indo-Aryan.
These dialects emerge out of Apabhramsha in the 7th century and by the 10 century become identifiable as the predecessors of the contemporary Indo-Aryan languages (Old Hindi).
Braj was the popular literary dialect until it was replaced by khari boli in the 19th century.
Since the 1947 partition of India, a Sanskritized version of khari boli has become a major lingua franca of the Republic of India, known as Standard Hindi, and a Persianized version of khari boli has become the major lingua franca of Pakistan, known as Urdu.
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[edit] Antiquity (Prakrits)
- 600 BCE: late Vedic Sanskrit.
- 500 BCE: Prakrit texts of Buddhists and Jains originate (Eastern India)
- 400 BCE: Panini composes his formal Sanskrit grammar (Gandhara), reflecting transition from Vedic to formal Paninian (Classical) Sanskrit
- 322 BCE: Brahmi script inscriptions by Mauryas in Prakrit (Pali)
- 250 BCE: first records of Classical Sanskrit. [Vidhyanath Rao]
- 100 BCE-100 CE: Sanskrit gradually replaces Prakrit in inscriptions
- 320: The Gupta or Siddha-matrika script emerges.
[edit] Middle Ages
- 400: Apabhramsha in Kalidas's Vikramuurvashiiya
- 550: Dharasena of Valabhi's inscription mentions Apabhramsha literature
- 779: Regional languages mentioned by Udyotan Suri in "Kuvalayamala"
- 769: Siddha Sarahpa composes Dohakosh, considered the first Hindi poet
- 800: Bulk of the Sanskrit literature after this time is commentaries. [Vidhyanath Rao]
- 933: Shravakachar of Devasena, considered the first Hindi book.[citation needed]
- 1100: Modern Devanagari script emerges
- 1145-1229: Hemachandra writes on Apabhramsha grammar
[edit] Islamic empires
- Further information: Urdu, Hindi and Urdu, and Rekhta
Islamic empires in India in the late Medieval to Early Modern period.
- 1283: Amir Khusro's pahelis and mukaris. Uses term "Hindavi"
- 1398-1518: Kabir's works mark origin of "Nirguna-Bhakti" period
- 1370-: Love-story period originated by "Hansavali" of Asahat
- 1400-1479: Raighu: last of the great Apabhramsha poets
- 1450: "Saguna Bhakti" period starts with Ramananda
- 1580: Early Dakkhini work "Kalmitul-hakayat" of Burhanuddin Janam
- 1585: "Bhaktamal" of Nabhadas: an account of Hindi Bhakta-poets
- 1601: "Ardha-Kathanak" by Banarasidas, first autobiography in Hindi
- 1604: "Adi Granth" a compilation of works of many poets by Guru Arjan Dev.
- 1532-1623: Tulsidas, author of "Ramacharita Manasa".
- 1623: "Gora-badal ki katha" of Jatmal, first book in Khari Boli dialect (now the standard dialect)
- 1643: "Reeti" poetry tradition commences according to Ramchandra Shukla
- 1645: Shahjahan builds Delhi fort, language in the locality starts to be termed Urdu.
- 1667-1707: Vali's compositions become popular, Urdu starts replacing Persian among Delhi nobility. It is often called "Hindi" by Sauda, Meer etc.
- 1600-1825: Poets (Bihari to Padmakar) supported by rulers of Orchha and other domains.
[edit] Colonial period
Modern Hindi literature emerges during the Colonial period.
- 1796: Earliest type-based Devanagari printing (John Borthwick Gilchrist, Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language, Calcutta) [Dick Plukker]
- 1805: Lalloo Lal's Premsagar [1] published for Fort William College, Calcutta [Daisy Rockwell]
- 1813-46: Maharaja Swati Tirunal Rama Varma(Travancore) composed verses in Hindi along with South Indian languages.
- 1826: "Udanta Martanda" Hindi weekly from Calcutta
- 1837: Shardha Ram Phillauri, author of "Om Jai Jagdish Hare" born
- 1839,1847: "History of Hindi Literature" by Garcin de Tassy in French [Daisy Rockwell]
- 1833-86: Gujarati Poet Narmad proposed Hindi as India's national language
- 1850: The term "Hindi" no longer used for what is now called "Urdu".
- 1854: "Samachar Sudhavarshan" Hindi daily from Calcutta
- 1873: Mahendra Bhattachary's "Padarth-vigyan" (Chemistry) in Hindi
- 1877: Novel Bhagyavati by Shardha Ram Phillauri
- 1886: "Bharatendu period" of modern Hindi literature starts
- 1893 Founding of the Nagari Pracharini Sabha in Benares [Daisy Rockwell]
- 1900: "Dvivedi period" starts. Nationalist writings
- 1900: "Indumati" story by Kishorilal Goswami in "Sarasvati"
- 1913: "Raja Harishchandra", first Hindi movie by Dadasaheb Phalke
- 1918-1938: "Chhayavad period"
- 1918: "Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachara Sabha" founded by Mahatma Gandhi.
- 1929: "History of Hindi Literature" by Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla
- 1931: "Alam Ara" first Hindi talking movie
- 1930's: Hindi typewriters ("Nagari lekhan Yantra")[Shailendra Mehta]
- 1936: Kamayani, the most celebrated Hindi epic poem, written by Prasad
[edit] Post-Partition
The 1947 partition of India sees the separation of Hindustani (Khariboli) into two standardized dialects, Urdu and Standard Hindi.
- 1949: Official Language Act makes the use of Hindi in Central Government Offices mandatory
- 1949-50: Hindi accepted as the "official language of the Union" in the constitution. Debates a, b, c.
- 1952: The Basic Principles Committee of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan recommends that Urdu be the state language.
- 1958: definition of Modern Standard Hindi by the Central Hindi Directorate
- 1965: Opposition to "Blind Hindi-imposition by Congress" in Tamilnadu, where Tamil- the predominant Dravidian Language, lives brings DMK to power.Congress lost its base.
- 1975: English medium private schools start asserting themselves socially, politically, financially [Peter Hook].
- 1985-6: Devanagari word processor, Devyani DTP software, both from Dataflow.
- 1987-88: Frans Velthuis creates Devanagari metafont. [Shailendra Mehta]
- 1990: According to World Almanac and Book of Facts Hindi-Urdu has passed English (and Spanish) to become the second most widely spoken language in the world [Peter Hook].
- 1991: ITRANS encoding scheme developed by Avinash Chopde allows Hindi documents in Roman and Devanagari on the Internet.
- 1997: Prime Minister Deve Gowda emphasises promotion of Hindi and the regional languages, having himself learned Hindi recently.
- 1997: Hindi Newspaper Nai Dunia on the web (January) (Or was Milap first?)
- 1998: Thiru Karunanidhi, the DMK leader, recites a Hindi verse during a political campaign, indicating a change in views.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- History and Evolution of Hindi Language Extended resource compiled by Abhinav Bhatele (accessed Mar 16, 2006).
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