Henry Knox
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| Henry Knox | |
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| In office September 12, 1789 – December 31, 1794 |
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| President | George Washington |
| Preceded by | None |
| Succeeded by | Timothy Pickering |
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| Born | July 25, 1750 Boston, Massachusetts, British America |
| Died | October 25, 1806 (aged 56) near Thomaston, Maine, U.S. |
| Nationality | British (at birth) American (at death) |
| Spouse | Lucy Flucker |
| Profession | Bookseller, Soldier |
Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American bookseller from Boston who became the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later the nation's first Secretary of War.
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[edit] Early life and marriage
Knox was born in Boston to parents of Scots-Irish origin, William Knox and Mary (nee Campbell). His father was a ship's captain who died in 1759 in part due to mental stress arising from financial trouble. Henry left school at the age of 12 and became a clerk in a bookstore to support his mother. He later opened his own bookshop, the London Book Store, in Boston. Largely self-educated, he began to concentrate on military subjects, particularly artillery. Knox joined a local military company at eighteen, was present at the Boston Massacre, and joined the Boston Grenadier Corps in 1772.[1]
Henry married Lucy Fluker (1756–1824), the daughter of Boston Loyalists, on June 16, 1774. In spite of separations due to his military service, they remained a devoted couple for the rest of his life, and carried on an extensive correspondence. Since the couple fled Boston in 1775, she remained essentially homeless throughout the Revolutionary War. Her parents left with the British during their withdrawal from Boston after the success of George Washington’s army on Dorchester Heights, which ironically hinged upon Knox’s cannons. She never saw them again.
[edit] Military career
Knox supported the American rebels, the Sons of Liberty, and was present at the Boston Massacre. He volunteered as a member of the Boston Grenadier Corps in 1772 and served under General Artemas Ward at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. Being a member of the Army of Observation, Henry met and impressed General George Washington when he took command. Knox offered his services to Washington, who had him commissioned a Colonel and gave him command of the Continental Regiment of Artillery.[1] Washington and Knox soon became good friends.
As the Siege of Boston continued, he suggested that the cannon recently captured at Fort Ticonderoga could have a decisive impact. Washington put him in charge of an expedition to retrieve them.[1] His force brought them by ox-drawn sled south along the west bank of the Hudson River from Fort Ticonderoga to Albany, then where they crossed the Hudson and then continued east through The Berkshires and finally to Boston. There are 56 identical plaques on the trail from Fort Ticonderoga to Cambridge, Massachusetts denoting the approximately 56 day length of the journey. Knox and his men averaged approximately 5 ⅜ miles per day, completing the 300 mile trip in 56 days, between December 5, 1775, and January 24, 1776. The Cannon Train was composed of fifty-nine cannon and mortars, and weighed a total of 60 tons. Upon their arrival in Cambridge, when Washington's army took the Heights of Dorchester, the cannons were placed in a heavily fortified position overlooking Boston from which they threatened the British fleet in the harbor. As a result, the British were forced to withdraw to Halifax on March 17, 1776.[1] After the siege was lifted, Knox undertook the construction and improvement of defenses in Connecticut and Rhode Island to prepare for the British return. He rejoined the main army later during their withdrawal from New York and across New Jersey.
During the Battle of Trenton, Colonel Knox was in charge of Washington's crossing of the Delaware River.[1] Though hampered by ice and cold, with John Glover's Marbleheaders (14th Continental Regiment) manning the boats, he got the attack force of men, horses, and artillery across the river without loss. Following the battle, he returned the same force, along with hundreds of prisoners, captured supplies, and all the boats, back across river by the afternoon of December 26. Knox was promoted to brigadier general for this accomplishment, and Chief of Artillery.[1]
Knox stayed with the Main Army throughout most of the active war, and saw further action at Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Yorktown.[1] In 1777, while the Army was in winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, he returned to Massachusetts to improve the Army's artillery capability. He raised an additional battalion and established the Springfield Armory before his return in the spring. That arsenal remained a valuable source of weapons and ammunition for the rest of the war. In early 1780 he was a member of the court-martial of Major John André.[1] Knox made several other trips to the Northern states as Washington's representative to increase the flow of men and supplies to the army.
After Yorktown, Knox was promoted to major general. In 1782 he was given command of the post at West Point.[1] In 1783 he was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati,[1] and led the American forces into New York City as the British withdrew. He stood next to Washington during his farewell on December 4 at Fraunces Tavern. After Washington retired, Knox served as the senior officer of the Continental Army from December 1783 until he left it in June 1784.[1]
[edit] Secretary of War
The Continental Congress made Knox Secretary of War under the Articles of Confederation on March 8, 1785. He held that position without interruption until September 12, 1789, when he assumed the same duties as the Secretary of War in Washington's first Cabinet.
As secretary, Knox urged and presided over the creation of a regular Navy, was responsible for Indian policy and a plan for a national militia, and created a series of coastal fortifications. In 1789 President Washington urged Knox to send a bill to congress, to purchase Native lands for $25,394. This was a far cheaper price to pay than to once again battle the natives. He attempted to stop the eventual destruction of Native Americans by having the United States recognize them as a separate country, more specifically, "foreign entities." The bill made it possible for only the federal government to control native lands, rather than the states administering territories. The natives were now considered foreigners, and forced to cooperate or leave. [1] He oversaw the inclusion of the Springfield Armory as one of two national facilities. In 1791, Congress, acting on a detailed proposal from Knox, created the short-lived Legion of the United States.
On 1795-01-02, Knox left the government and returned to his home at Thomaston, Maine to devote himself to caring for his growing family. He was succeeded as Secretary of War by Timothy Picking.
[edit] Later life
Knox settled his family at Montpelier, an estate near Thomaston, Maine. He spent the rest of his life engaged in cattle farming, ship building and brick making. Although he had left national service, he represented his new community in the Massachusetts General Assembly (Maine then being part of Massachusetts). He also was industrious in lumbering, ship building, stock raising, and brick manufacturing.[1] In 1806, while visiting a friend in Union, Maine, he swallowed a chicken bone which punctured his intestine. He died of an infection (peritonitis) three days later on October 25, 1806 and was buried in Thomaston.
Many incidents in Knox's career attest to his character. As one example, when he and Lucy were forced to leave Boston in 1775, his home was used to house British officers who looted his bookstore. In spite of personal financial hardships, he managed to make the last payment of 1,000 pounds to Longman Printers in London to cover the price of a shipment of books that he never received.
Two separate American forts, Fort Knox (Kentucky), and Fort Knox (Maine) were named after him. Knox Hall [1] at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, home of the Field Artillery Center and Field Artillery School, is also named after him. A Knox County has been named for him in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas. Knoxville, Tennessee, is also named for him.
[edit] References
- North Callahan, Henry Knox: General Washington's General. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1958. ISBN 0-15-216435-9.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bell, William Gardner; COMMANDING GENERALS AND CHIEFS OF STAFF: 1775-2005; Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer: 1983, CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY; UNITED STATES ARMY; WASHINGTON, D.C.:p. 54
ISBN 0–16–072376–0
[edit] External links
- His Montpelier Home Museum
- The Historical Society of The Somerset Hills Vanderveer House
- The Jacobus Vanderveer House Official Website
- The Knox Cannon Trail
- Find-A-Grave profile for Henry Knox
- US Army Armor Center, Fort Knox, KY
- Fort Knox Morale, Welfare, and Recreation
| Military offices | ||
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| Preceded by George Washington |
Senior Officer of the United States Army 1783-1784 |
Succeeded by Joseph Doughty |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by none |
United States Secretary of War 1785-1794 |
Succeeded by Timothy Pickering |
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