Robert Todd Lincoln
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| Robert Todd Lincoln | |
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| In office March 5, 1881 – March 4, 1885 |
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| President | James Garfield (March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) |
| Preceded by | Alexander Ramsey |
| Succeeded by | William C. Endicott |
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| In office 1889 – 1893 |
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| President | Benjamin Harrison |
| Preceded by | Edward J. Phelps |
| Succeeded by | Thomas F. Bayard |
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| Born | August 1, 1843 Springfield, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | July 26, 1926 (aged 82) Manchester, Vermont, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Mary Eunice Harlan |
| Profession | Lawyer, Politician |
Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and politician, and the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincoln's four sons to live past his teenage years.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life
Lincoln graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1860, then studied at Harvard University from 1861 to 1864, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. (Later in life, Lincoln also joined the Delta Chi fraternity.) He then enrolled in Harvard Law School. However, he did not graduate, and in 1865 joined the Union Army. He held the rank of captain, serving in the last weeks of the American Civil War as part of General Ulysses S. Grant's immediate staff, a position which sharply minimized the likelihood that he would be involved in actual combat. He was present at Appomattox when Lee surrendered.
Lincoln had a distant relationship with his father, in part because Abraham Lincoln spent months on the judicial circuit during his formative years. Robert would later say his most vivid image of his father was of him packing his saddlebags to prepare for his travels through Illinois.[1] Abraham Lincoln was proud of Robert and thought him bright, but also saw him as something of a competitor and once said "he guessed Bob would not do better than he had."[2] The two lacked the strong bond Lincoln had with his sons Willie and Tad, but Robert admired his father and wept openly at his deathbed.[3]
Following his father's assassination, in April 1865, Robert Lincoln moved with his mother and his brother Tad to Chicago, where Robert completed his law studies at the University of Chicago (a school different from the university presently known by that name). He was admitted to the bar on February 25, 1867.
On September 24, 1868, Robert Lincoln married the former Mary Eunice Harlan (September 25, 1846 - March 31, 1937), the daughter of Senator James Harlan and Ann Eliza Peck of Mount Pleasant, Iowa. They had two daughters and one son:
- Mary "Mamie" Lincoln (October 15, 1869 - November 21, 1938)
- Abraham Lincoln II (nicknamed "Jack") (August 14, 1873 - March 5, 1890)
- Jessie Harlan Lincoln (November 6, 1875 - January 4, 1948)
The last direct descendant of Abraham Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985.
His mother's "spend-thrift" ways and eccentric behavior concerned Robert Lincoln. To gain control of his mother's finances, he had her committed to a psychiatric hospital in Batavia, Illinois in 1875. She was released after a three-month stay. The committal proceedings led to a profound estrangement between Lincoln and his mother and they never reconciled.
[edit] Politics
[edit] Secretary of War (1881-1885)
In 1877 he turned down President Rutherford B. Hayes' offer to appoint him Assistant Secretary of State, but later accepted an appointment as President James Garfield's Secretary of War serving from 1881 to 1885 under Presidents Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.
Following his service as Secretary of War, Lincoln helped Oscar Dudley in establishing the Illinois Industrial Training School for Boys in Norwood Park in 1887 after Dudley discovered "more neglected and abandoned children on the streets than stray animals." The school relocated to Glenwood, Illinois in 1899, beginning to enroll girls in 1998. Under the name Glenwood School for Boys & Girls, the school continues to operate as a haven for boys and girls whose parents are unable to care for them.
[edit] Minister to the Court of St. James's
Later, he served as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1889 to 1893 under President Benjamin Harrison, then returned to private business as a lawyer. He became General Counsel and subsequently President and Chairman of the Board of the Pullman Palace Car Company, where he worked until his retirement in 1922. He made his last public appearance at the dedication ceremony in Washington, D.C. for his father's memorial on May 30 of that year.
[edit] Counsel, President and Chairman of the Pullman Palace Car Company
Robert was general counsel under George Pullman and was named as president after his death in 1898. In 1911, Robert Lincoln became chairman of the board until his death in 1926.
A serious amateur astronomer, Lincoln constructed an observatory at his home in Manchester, Vermont, and equipped it with a refracting telescope with a six-inch objective lens. Lincoln's telescope still exists; it has been restored and is used by a local astronomy club.
[edit] Presence at assassinations
There is coincidence in regard to Lincoln and presidential assassinations. He was either present or was nearby when three of them occurred. [4]
- Lincoln was invited to accompany his parents to the Ford's Theatre the night his father was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. Citing fatigue from riding in a covered wagon for an extended period of time, he declined and remained behind at the White House, where he immediately went to bed. He was informed of the President's being shot just before midnight.
- At President James A. Garfield's invitation, Lincoln was at the Sixth Street Train Station in Washington, D.C., where the President was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881 and was an eyewitness to the event. Lincoln was serving as Garfield's Secretary of War at the time.
- At President William McKinley's invitation, Lincoln was at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, where the President was shot by Leon F. Czolgosz on September 6, 1901, though he was not an eyewitness to the event.
In an odd coincidence, Robert Lincoln was once saved by Edwin Booth, brother of John Wilkes Booth, from possible serious injury or death. The incident happened at a railroad station in Jersey City sometime in 1863 or 1864, when Robert was traveling from New York City to Washington, and was recounted by Lincoln in 1909. On his way to Washington, Lincoln waited on the platform and due to crowding was pushed next to the car and the train at that moment moved a few feet forward. He subsequently lost his balance and fell between the train station's platform and the moving train. He was grabbed quickly from behind and pulled back onto the platform. Turning to face his rescuer, Lincoln said, "Thank you, Mr. Booth," recognizing Edwin Booth instantly because of the actor's great fame. [5][6]
[edit] Republican politics
From 1884 to 1912, Lincoln's name was mentioned in varying degrees of seriousness as a candidate for the Republican presidential or vice-presidential nomination. At every turn, he adamantly disavowed any interest in running and stated he would not accept either position if nominated.[7]
[edit] Death
Lincoln died at Hildene, his Vermont home, on July 26, 1926.
He was later interred in Arlington National Cemetery[8] in a sarcophagus designed by the sculptor James Earle Fraser. He is buried with his wife Mary and their son Jack, who died of blood poisoning at the age of 16 in London, England.
Lincoln was the last surviving member of both the Garfield and Arthur Cabinets.
Of Robert's children, Jessie Harlan Lincoln Beckwith (1875 - 1948) had two children, Mary Lincoln Beckwith ["Peggy" 1898 - 1975] and Robert ("Bud") Todd Lincoln Beckwith (1904 - 1985), neither of whom had children of their own. Robert's other daughter, Mary Todd Lincoln ("Mamie") (1869 - 1938) married Charles Bradley Isham in 1891. They had one son, Lincoln Isham (1892 - 1971). Lincoln Isham married Leahalma Correa in 1919, but died without children.
The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith, died in 1985.[9]
[edit] References
- ^ Donald, David Herbert, Lincoln. New York; Touchstone, 1995, p. 159
- ^ quoted in Donald, p. 428
- ^ Donald, 599
- ^ Lincoln Bicentennial - Biography of Robert Todd Lincoln
- ^ Robert Todd Lincoln: A Man In His Own Right by John S. Goff, p. 70-71.
- ^ History Net: Edwin Booth Saved Robert Todd Lincoln’s Life
- ^ [1]
- ^ Robert Todd Lincoln Tomb in Arlington Cemetery
- ^ Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982 (ISBN 0-07-046145-7).
[edit] External links
- Robert Todd Lincoln
- Photographs of Robert Todd Lincoln
- Robert Todd Lincoln Rescued from Death by Brother of John Wilkes Booth
- Robert Todd Lincoln Biography
- Hildene
- Glenwood School for Boys & Girls
- Image of Robert Lincoln from "1888 Presidential Possibilities" card set t207.com
- Army biography
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Alexander Ramsey |
United States Secretary of War 1881 – 1885 |
Succeeded by William C. Endicott |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Edward J. Phelps |
U.S. Minister to Great Britain 1889 – 1893 |
Succeeded by Thomas F. Bayard |
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