Finnic peoples

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Europe in 9th century
Europe in 9th century

Finnic peoples (Fennic) [1] [2]are linguistic groups of peoples: Baltic Finns [3] [4] who are native speakers of Baltic-Finnic languages and Volga Finns,[5] [6] speakers of Volga Finnic languages. [7]

The major modern representatives of Baltic Finns who have maintained their languages are the Finns and Estonians.[8]

Other groups include the Karelians, mainly living in Karelia, in Finland and northwestern Russia. The Ingrians, Votes, and Veps live around the Gulf of Finland and Lakes Onega and Ladoga, [8] and the Setos and Võros, who live in south-eastern Estonia. In parts of northern Sweden, a Finnic language or a dialect (Meänkieli) has a considerable presence and a Finnic-speaking minority, Kvens, live in Norway.

The native speakers in the smaller groups are disappearing. In the 20th century both Livonian and Votic had fewer than 100 speakers left. Other groups of which there are records have long since disappeared.[8]

The modern representatives of Volga Finns are the Mari or Cheremis who live in Mari El Republic, the Moksha and the Erzya from the Republic of Mordovia of the Russian Federation.

The term Finnic is also used formerly to describe the speakers of Finno-Lappic[9] [10] languages, nowadays the Sami people; the Finno-Permic languages of Komi (Zyryan), Permyak, and Udmurt (Votyak). The Finnic division of the groups: Baltic-Finnic, Volga-Finnic, Permic and Sami together with the Ugric division of Hungarian and the Ob-Ugric languages Mansi (Vogul) and Khanty (Ostyak) make the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family.[11]

Contents

[edit] Genetics

According to year 2000 data the most common mtDNA Haplogroup Frequencies and the genetic diversity among Baltic Finns, Volga Finns were following: [12]

mtDNA Haplogroup H I J K T U3 U4 U5 V W X Other IWX HV KU JT Genetic diversity
Baltic-Finnic .
Finland .278 .063 .044 .051 .051 .000 .025 .139 .089 .076 .000 .127 .152 .367 .215 .139 .970
Estonia .214 .000 .000 .000 .107 .000 .071 .179 .000 .071 .000 .250 .107 .214 .250 .179 .989
Karelia .313 .024 .000 .024 .072 .000 .084 .181 .060 .036 .000 .120 .096 .373 .289 .120 .964
Volga-Finnic .176 .029 .032 .029 .118 .000 .147 .118 .029 .000 .000 .176 .029 .206 .294 .294 .982

Haplogroup U is a group of people who descend from a woman who lived around 50,000 years ago in the Haplogroup R branch of the Genographic tree. Her descendants gave birth to several subgroups, some of which exhibit specific geographic homelands. For example a subgroup U5 is restricted to Finland and it's populations. This is likely the result of geographical, linguistic and cultural isolation of the Finnish populations that has kept it fairly isolated genetically. Haplogroup U5 that first evolved in Europe is a group of people who descend from a woman who lived around 15,000 years ago. U5 is found also in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of Africa, suggesting back-migration of people from northern Europe to the south.

One of the men in a group of Eurasian Clan peoples who was probably born in Siberia within the last 10,000 years gave rise to the LLY22G marker which defines haplogroup N in the Genographic tree. Today his descendants effectively trace a migration of Uralic-speaking peoples during the last several thousands of years like the Sami people, the people of Northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia. The Sami also have U5 lineages in their population indicating that it may have been introduced during their migration into these northern territories.[13]

A genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region of Russia has been found, indicative of a more recent contribution of people from the Volga-Ural region to the Sami population as recently as 2700 years ago. [14]

[edit] History

[edit] The Mesolithic Period

The region has been populated since the end of the last glacial era, about 10.000 B.C. The earliest traces of human settlement are connected with Suomusjärvi culture and Kunda culture. The Early Mesolithic Pulli settlement is located by the Pärnu River. It has been dated to the beginning of the 9th millennium BC. The Kunda Culture received its name from the Lammasmäe settlement site in northern Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500. [15] Bone and stone artefacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in Latvia, northern Lithuania and southern Finland.

[edit] The Neolithic Period

Around 5300 BCE pottery entered Finland. The earliest representatives belong to the Comb Ceramic Cultures, known for their distinctive decorating patterns. This marks the beginning of the Neolithic Period

[edit] Comb Ceramic Culture

Neolithic period
Neolithic period

Until the early 1980s the arrival of Finnic peoples, the ancestors of the Estonians, Finns, Livonians on the shores of the Baltic sea around 3000 B.C. was associated with the Comb Ceramic Culture[16] However , such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with linguistic ones cannot be proven and it has been suggested that the increase of settlement finds in the period is more likely to have been associated with an economic boom related to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a form of Uralic languages may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation. [17]

[edit] Bronze Age

The beginning of the Bronze Age in Estonia is dated to approximately 1800 B.C. In present day Finland some time after 1500 BCE. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of Northern Russia. The development of the borders between the Finnic peoples and the Balts was under way. The first fortified settlements, Asva and Ridala on the island of Saaremaa and Iru in the Northern Estonia began to be built. The development of shipbuilding facilitated the spread of bronze. Changes took place in burial customs, a new type of burial ground spread from Germanic to Estonian areas, stone cist graves and cremation burials became increasingly common aside small number of boat-shaped stone graves. [18]

[edit] The Iron Age

The Pre-Roman Iron Age began in about 500 B.C. and lasted until the middle of the 1.st century A.D. The oldest iron items were imported, although since the first century iron was smelted from local marsh and lake ore. Settlement sites were located mostly in places that offered natural protection. Fortresses were built, although used temporarily. The appearance of square Celtic fields surrounded by enclosures in Estonia date from the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The majority of stones with man-made indents, witch presumably were connected with magic designed to increase crop fertility, date from this period. A new type of grave, quadrangular burial mounds began to develop. Burial traditions show the clear beginning of social stratification.

The Roman Iron Age is roughly dated to between 50 and 450 A.D., the era that was affected by the influence of the Roman Empire. In material culture this is reflected by few Roman coins, some jewellery and artefacts. The abundance of iron artefacts in Southern Estonia speaks of closer mainland ties with southern areas while coastal Finland and the islands of western and northern Estonia communicated with their neighbors mainly by sea.

By the end of the period clearly defined tribal dialectical areas: (proper-)Finns, Tavastians, Karelians, Northern Estonias, Southern Estonias, and Western Estonias including the islands had emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity.[19]

[edit] Early Middle Ages

[edit] Finnic peoples in chronicles

Finnic peoples mentioned by the monk Nestor: Chuds, Veps, Permians, Merya ,Murom, Mari
Finnic peoples mentioned by the monk Nestor: Chuds, Veps, Permians, Merya ,Murom, Mari

The word Finn is first mentioned in the form fenni in the first century AD by Tacitus, the Roman historian. However it is possible that he was referring to the people of northern Europe in general, particularly the Lappic or Sami people. After that the name finni is used by Claudius Ptolemaeus (170 AD) and the Gothic writer Jordanes in his Getica (551 AD). The first sure mention in the western sources referring to Finns is considered to be in the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf (800 AD). Information about Finnic tribes becomes much more numerous from the Viking era (800-1050). It was not until abut 1171 that the word Finni was employed to mean the Finns.

The term Eesti, the name of the Estonians occurs first again by Tacitus, however, it might have indicated Baltic peoples. In Northern Sagas (9th century) the term started to be used to indicate the Estonians.

In a Norwegian text (11-12 century) the first mention of the name 'Kiriali referring to Karelians, as well as the term 'cornuti Finni, interpreted as referring to the Lapps or Sami people appears.

The Russian Primary Chronicle's opening chapter lists the following peoples living "in the share of Japheth" among others: Chud, Merya, Muroma, Ves, Mordvin (Moksha and Erzya), Chud beyond the portages, Perm, Pechera, Yam, Ugra, Liv. [20]

The name Sum, that is Suomi (Finland in Finnish), is found in the oldest Russian, Nestor's Chronicle (1000-1100). The names of other Finnic tribes are also listed including Veps, Cheremis, Mordvin (Moksha and Erzya), Permian. [21]

The Chudes as mentioned by a monk Nestor in the earliest Russian chronicles, were the Ests or Esthonians [22]. According to the Russian Primary Chronicle Chuds bordered on the Varangian Sea (Baltic sea).[20] In 1030 Yaroslav I the Wise invaded the country of the Chuds and laid the foundations of Yuriev, [23] (the historical Russian name of Tartu, Estonia). According to Old East Slavic chronicles the Chudes where one of the founders of the Rus' state. [22]

The Northern (or eastern) Chudes were also a mythical people in folklore among Northern Russians and their neighbours. In Komi mythology, the Northern Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the Komi people [24]

[edit] Middle Ages

 Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (August 2007)

In the 13th century the east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: First the Livs and Estonians, then the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Germans, Danes and Swedes.[25]

[edit] Speakers of Finnic languages

[edit] Baltic Finns

[edit] Volga Finns

[edit] Finno Lappic

[edit] References

  1. ^ Finnic peoples at Google Books
  2. ^ Finnic peoplesat Google Scholar
  3. ^ Baltic Finns at Google Books
  4. ^ Baltic Finnsat Google Scholar
  5. ^ Volga Finns at Google Books
  6. ^ Volga Finnsat Google Scholar
  7. ^ Nordic Religions in the Viking Age By Thomas Andrew DuBois
  8. ^ a b c Finnic Peoples at Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ Finno-Lappic at Google Books
  10. ^ Finno-Lappicat Google Scholar
  11. ^ concise.britannica
  12. ^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1288355&blobtype=pdf
  13. ^ The Genographic Project at National Geographic
  14. ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information
  15. ^ Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.24 ISBN 9042008903
  16. ^ Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, p153 ISBN 0313306109
  17. ^ The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, p.51 ISBN 0521472997
  18. ^ Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.26 ISBN 9042008903
  19. ^ Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.28-31 ISBN 9042008903
  20. ^ a b [http://books.google.com/books?id=lcGlAAAACAAJ&dq The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text By Nestor; Translated by O. P . Sherbowitz-Wetzor;p. 52] ISBN 0910956340
  21. ^ The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics., p21-23 ISBN 0631231706
  22. ^ a b Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.141
  23. ^ Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.142
  24. ^ FOREST MYTHS by Pavel F. Limerov at google.scholar
  25. ^ The Northern Crusades: Second Edition by Eric Christiansen; p.93; ISBN 0140266534

[edit] See also

[edit] External links