Culture of Georgia

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A page from a rare 12th century Gelati Gospel depicting the Nativity from the Art Museum of Georgia in Tbilisi.
A page from a rare 12th century Gelati Gospel depicting the Nativity from the Art Museum of Georgia in Tbilisi.

The culture of Georgia has evolved over the country's long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the Georgian language and alphabet. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve Georgian distinctiveness despite repeated periods of foreign occupation and attempted assimilation.

Contents

[edit] Culture of old Georgia

The Georgian alphabet is traditionally said to have been invented in the 5th century BC and reformed by King Parnavaz I of Iberia in 284 BC, however, most modern scholarship puts the date at some time in the 5th century AD, when the earlist examples can be found.

Georgia's medieval culture was greatly influenced by Orthodox Christianity and the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church, which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as icons, and hagiographies of Georgian saints. As well as this, many secular works of national history, mythology and hagiograpy were also written.

[edit] Ecclesiastical art

The Icon from Martvili (10th century)
The Icon from Martvili (10th century)

Medieval Georgian icons are renowned as being among the finest creations of Orthodox religious art. Notable examples include:

[edit] Ecclesiastical monuments

Well-known monuments of Georgian Christian architecture include:

Image:Anchisxati.jpg
Anchiskhati Church (6th century)

Well-known Georgian painters were: Damiane (13th century), Anania (15th century), Mamuka Tavakarashvili (17th century), etc.

The works of the famous Georgian goldsmiths, Beka and Beshken Opizari (11th century), are an outstanding contribution to world art.

[edit] Literary and other written works

The Manuscript of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (16th century)
The Manuscript of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (16th century)

Important Georgian literary works of the pre-Christian period are:

Notable Georgian written works from the medieval period include:

[edit] Culture of modern Georgia

During the modern period, from about the 17th century onwards, Georgian culture has been greatly influenced by cultural innovations imported from elsewhere in Europe.

The first Georgian-language printing house was established in the 1620s in Italy and the first one in Georgia itself was founded in 1709 in Tbilisi.

Georgian theatre has a long history; its oldest national form was the "Sakhioba" (extant from the 3rd century BC to the 17th century AD). The Georgian National Theatre was founded in 1791 in Tbilisi, by the writer, dramatist and diplomat Giorgi Avalishvili (1769-1850). Its leading actors were Dimitri Aleksi-Meskhishvili, David Machabeli, David Bagrationi, Dimitri Cholokashvili and others.

In Tbilisi the Museum of the Caucasus was founded in 1845. In the 1920s it became the State Museum of Georgia. The Tbilisi State Theatre of Opera and Ballet established in 1851.

Greatest representatives of Georgian culture of the XIX century were: Nikoloz Baratashvili (poet), Alexander Orbeliani (writer), Vakhtang Orbeliani (poet), Dimitri Kipiani (writer), Grigol Orbeliani (poet), Ilia Chavchavadze (writer and poet), Akaki Tsereteli (poet), Alexander Kazbegi (writer), Rapiel Eristavi (poet), Mamia Gurieli (poet), Iakob Gogebashvili (writer), Simon Gugunava (poet), Babo Avalishvili-Kherkheulidze (actor), Nikoloz Avalishvili (actor), Nikoloz Aleksi-Meskhishvili (actor), Romanoz Gvelesiani (painter), Grigol Maisuradze (painter), Alexander Beridze (painter), Ivane Machabeli (translator), Okropir Bagrationi (translator), Sardion Aleksi-Meskhishvili (translator), Kharlampi Savaneli (opera singer), Pilimon Koridze (opera singer), Lado Agniashvili (folk singer), Alioz Mizandari (composer), etc.

The first cinema in Georgia was established in Tbilisi on November 16, 1896. The first Georgian cinema documentary ("Journey of Akaki Tsereteli in Racha-Lechkhumi") was shot in 1912 by Vasil Amashukeli (1886-1977), while the first Georgian feature film ("Kristine") was shot in 1916 by Alexandre Tsutsunava (1881-1955).

The Tbilisi State Academy of Art was founded in 1917.

Georgian culture suffered under the rule of the Soviet Union during the 20th century, during which a policy of Russification was imposed but was strongly resisted by many Georgians. Since the independence of Georgia in 1991, a cultural resurgence has taken place, albeit somewhat hampered by the country's economic and political difficulties in the post-Soviet era.

[edit] Famous Georgian cultural figures (XX-XXI centuries):

[edit] Actors

  • David (Dodo) Abashidze
  • Veriko Anjaparidze
  • Spartak Bagashvili
  • Givi Berikashvili
  • Ushangi Chkheidze
  • Ramaz Chkhikvadze
  • Giorgi Gegechkori
  • Akaki Vasadze
  • Iza Gigoshvili
  • Vaso Godziashvili
  • Kakhi Kavsadze
  • Akaki Khorava
  • Zurab Kipshidze
  • Zina Kverenchkhiladze
  • Avtandil Makharadze
  • Erosi Manjgaladze
  • Merab Ninidze
  • Giorgi Sagaradze
  • Guram Sagaradze
  • Karlo Sakandelidze
  • Sesilia Takaishvili
  • Levan Uchaneishvili
  • Bukhuti Zakariadze
  • Sergo Zakariadze
  • Alexandre Zhorzholiani
  • Nato Vachnadze
  • Edisher Maghalashvili
  • Sofiko Chiaureli

[edit] Ballet dancers

[edit] Composers

[edit] Filmmakers

  • Tengiz Abuladze
  • Mikheil Chiaureli
  • Revaz Chkheidze
  • Otar Ioseliani
  • Mikheil Kobakhidze
  • Merab Kokochashvili
  • Guram Meliava
  • Kote Mikaberidze
  • Guram Pataraia
  • Eldar Shengelaia
  • Giorgi Shengelaia
  • Alexandre Tsutsunava
  • Nana Mchedlidze

[edit] Opera singers

  • Petre Amiranashvili
  • Medea Amiranashvili
  • David Andguladze
  • Nodar Andguladze
  • Lado Ataneli
  • Paata Burchuladze
  • David Gamrekeli
  • Makvala Kasrashvili
  • Valerian Kashakashvili
  • Alexandre Khomeriki
  • Badri Maisuradze
  • Vano Sarajishvili
  • Zurab Sotkilava
  • Nino Surguladze
  • Tsisana Tatishvili
  • Maia Tomadze

[edit] Painters

[edit] Pianists

[edit] Poets

[edit] Sculptors

  • Bidzina Avalishvili
  • Merab Berdzenishvili
  • Tengiz Gviniashvili
  • Juna Mikatadze
  • Iakob Nikoladze
  • Giorgi Ochiauri
  • Irakli Ochiauri
  • Vakhtang Oniani
  • George Papashvily
  • Zurab Tsereteli
  • Malkhaz Vardiashvili
  • Levan Vardosanidze

[edit] Theatre producers

[edit] Writers

[edit] Cultural Groups

[edit] Dance Troupes

Erisioni

[edit] Choirs

Rustavi Choir

[edit] Sport

See also Rugby union in Georgia, Football in Georgia

Rugby union is a popular team sport played in Georgia, rugby union is considered the second most popular sport in Georgia, after football (soccer).

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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