Timeline of Scottish history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This timeline outlines the main events in Scottish history.
Contents |
[edit] 1st century - 7th century
- c.84: Romans defeat Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius.
- c.143: Romans construct the Antonine Wall.
- c.163: Romans withdraw south to Trimontium and Hadrian's Wall.
- c.300: The term Pict is first recorded in describing the federated tribes invaded by Constantius Chlorus.
- c.397: Saint Ninian establishes a Christian mission at Whithorn.
- c.470: Votadini peoples form the kingdom of Gododdin in the region north of the River Tweed.
- c.547: Angles capture the British fortress at Bamburgh and found the kingdom of Bernicia.
- 563: Saint Columba founds a monastery at Iona and begins his mission to the northern Picts.
- c.574: Áedán mac Gabráin begins reign over the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.
- c.580: Riderch I of Alt Clut rules region later known as the kingdom of Strathclyde.
- c.584: Bruide son of Maelchon dies.
- 604: Æthelfrith unites Bernicia and Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
- 638: Northumbrians capture Edinburgh from Gododdin.
- 680s: Trumwine Bishop of Abercorn.
- 681: Bruide mac Bili, King of Fortriu, campaigns against Orkney
- 685: Pictish King Bruide mac Bili defeats Ecgfrith of Northumbria at the Battle of Dunnichen, halting the northern expansion of Northumbria.
- 693: Bruide mac Bili dies
- 697: Bruide mac Der-Ilei among the signatories of the Cáin Adomnáin.
[edit] 8th century
- 717: Nechtan mac Der-Ilei expels Ionan clergy from Pictland and adopts Roman usages with the aid of Bishop Curetán; masons sent by Abbot Ceolfrid of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory help build stone churches at Restenneth, Rosemarkie and elsewhere in eastern Scotland.
- 724-729: Drust and Nechtan mac Der-Ilei fight civil war
- 732: Death of Nechtan mac Der-Ilei; Óengus mac Fergusa becomes King of the Picts.
- 735: Óengus mac Fergusa, King of the Picts, campaigns against Dál Riata, and seizes and burns the royal centre of Dunadd
- 736: Battle of Cnoc Coirpi between Fortriu and Dál Riata
- 741: Battle of Druimm Cathmail between Fortriu and Dál Riata; the "smiting of Dál Riata", in which Dál Riata is subdued by Óengus mac Fergusa
- 747: St Andrews founded by this time, death of Abbot Túathalán.
- 750: Picts defeated by Britons at the Battle of Catohic
- 756: Óengus mac Fergusa allied with the English of Northumbria attacks the Britons; the English army is destroyed
- 761: Death of Óengus mac Fergusa.
- 763: Battle takes place in Fortriu between Ciniod and Áed Find; result unknown.
- 778: Death of Áed Find, King of Dál Riata
- 794: Annals of Ulster report the "wasting" of "all the islands of Britain by gentiles [Vikings]"
[edit] 9th century
- 802: Iona burned by Vikings
- 806: The monasteries under Iona are attacked by Vikings, killing 68 monks
- 820: Death of Caustantín mac Fergusa.
- 829: Abbot Diarmait, abbot of Iona, goes to Alba with relics of St Columba
- 831: Diarmait of Iona goes to Ireland with relics of St Columba
- 839: Eóganan mac Óengusa and his brother Bran killed in battle with Vikings, end of dominance of Fortriu.
- 858: Death of Kenneth mac Alpin, King of the Picts; "union of Picts and Scots" traditionally dated from his reign.
- 870: Alt Clut—Dumbarton Rock— captured by the Norse-Gael or Viking leaders Amlaíb Conung and Ímar after six month's of siege
- 878: Kenneth mac Alpin's son Áed killed; Giric becomes king.
- 889: Death of Giric; Domnall mac Causantín, grandson of Kenneth, becomes king.
- c.890: Exodus of the Strathclyde Britons to Gwynedd (in Wales).
[edit] 10th century - 13th century
- 900: Causantín mac Áeda succeeds Domnall mac Causantín.
- 943: Causantín mac Áeda abdicates to become a culdee at St Andrews.
- c.940: Saint Catroe of Metz leaves Scotland.
- 952: Death of Causantín mac Áeda.
- 954: Indulf captures Edinburgh from Northumbria.
- 1058: After defeating Mac Bethad and Lulach, Máel Coluim III is proclaimed king.
- 1124: David I becomes king and introduces the feudal system of landholding to much of Scotland.
- 1156: Somerled defeats the Norse King of Mann and the Isles, establishing his own semi-independent rule as ri Innse Gall-King of the Hebrides.
- 1164: Somerled is defeated by the Scottish crown in the Battle of Renfrew.
- 1174: William I signs the Treaty of Falaise in which he swears allegiance to Henry II of England.
- 1234: Galloway's independent existence ends with the death of Alan, Lord of Galloway.
- 1237: Southern border of Scotland established in the Treaty of York.
- 1263: Scots defeat Norwegians at Largs.
- 1266: Norway cedes the Western Isles to Scotland in the Treaty of Perth.
- 1292: Edward I of England intervenes in Scottish affairs and grants the Scottish throne to John Balliol.
- 1297: Andrew de Moravia and William Wallace lead the Scots to victory over England at Stirling Bridge.
[edit] 14th century - 15th century
- 1314: Robert the Bruce defeats the English at Bannockburn.
- 1320: Nobles assert Scottish independence in the Declaration of Arbroath.
- 1328: Treaty of Edinburgh. England recognises Scottish independence.
- 1371: Robert II becomes first Stewart king.
- 1402: English defeat Scots in the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Humbleton Hill.
- 1413: Foundation of the University of St Andrews.
- 1451: Establishment of the University of Glasgow.
- 1468: Denmark cedes Orkney and Shetland to Scotland.
- 1493: Lordship of the Isles abolished. In 1540 the title was reserved to the crown.
- 1495: Creation of the University of Aberdeen (King's College).
- 1496: Education Act of 1496 makes education compulsory for barons and wealthy landowners.
[edit] 16th century
- 1513: James IV and thousands of Scots are killed at Flodden.
- 1532: Creation of the College of Justice and the Court of Session.
- 1559: John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva to promote Calvinism.
- 1560: Parliament legislates protestant reformation of the Church of Scotland.
- 1568: Mary, Queen of Scots flees to England following the defeat of her army at the Battle of Langside..
- 1578: James VI takes over government from his regent, James Douglas.
- 1582: Establishment of the University of Edinburgh by Royal Charter.
- 1587: Mary is beheaded by the order of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
- 1592: Presbyterianism becomes the established form of church government in Scotland by Act of Parliament.
[edit] 17th century
- 1603: The Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.
- 1614: John Napier invents logarithms and publishes a book promoting their use in mathematics.
- 1618: James VI forces episcopacy on the Church of Scotland through the Five Articles of Perth.
- 1633: Education Act of 1633 ordains a school in every parish (partially successful).
- 1638: Scottish Covenanters rebel against Charles I.
- 1643: The Solemn League and Covenant promises Scots army to aid English parliamentarians against the king.
- 1651-1660: Scotland incorporated into the English Commonwealth and Protectorate.
- 1660: The monarchy is restored and Scotland resumes its status as a separate kingdom.
- 1679: Duke of Monmouth defeats Covenanters at the Battle of Bothwell Brig.
- 1689: Jacobite highlanders defeats army of William III at Killiecrankie, but are halted at Dunkeld.
- 1689: The Claim of Right and the re-establishment of Presbyterianism.
- 1692: Massacre of Glencoe.
- 1695: The Bank of Scotland is created by Act of Parliament.
- 1696: Education Act of 1696 ordains a school in every parish (successful; act governs education until the 1872 act).
[edit] 18th century
- 1707: The Union of the Parliaments: the Acts of Union are passed by both the Scottish and English parliaments.
- 1715: First Jacobite rising.
- 1745: Second Jacobite rising.
- 1746: The Battle of Culloden ends the second Jacobite rising.
- 1754: Joseph Black discovers "fixed air" (carbon dioxide).
- 1748: David Hume publishes An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
- 1762: Land tenure reform leads to the Highland Clearances and massive emigration for several decades.
- 1769: James Watt patents idea for separate condensing chamber in the Steam engine.
- 1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations.
[edit] 19th century
- 1802: John Playfair publishes summary of James Hutton's theories of Geology.
- 1805: The Glasgow Herald newspaper first published.
- 1817: The Scotsman newspaper first published.
- 1820: The "Radical War".
- 1822: Visit of King George IV to Scotland organized by Sir Walter Scott.
- 1832: The Reform Act enlarges the franchise.
- 1843: The Disruption in the Church of Scotland (over the issue of patronage).
- 1846: Beginning of the ten-year Highland Potato Famine.
- 1847: The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland is established.
- 1864: James Clerk Maxwell presents equations describing electromagnetic fields.
- 1874: Patronage abolished in the Church of Scotland.
- 1878: Collapse of the City of Glasgow Bank
- 1879: William Gladstone conducts the Midlothian campaign as part of a political comeback.
- 1879: The Tay Bridge Disaster.
- 1885: Creation of the Scottish Office and the post of Secretary for Scotland, later Secretary of State for Scotland.
- 1890: Opening of the Forth Railway Bridge.
- 1896: Opening of the Glasgow Subway.
[edit] 20th century
- 1929: The Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland unite.
- 1934: Scottish National Party founded.
- 1938: The Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938 is held at Bellahouston Park, Glasgow.
- 1941: The Clydebank Blitz (13-15 May).
- 1943: Creation of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board to bring electricity to all parts of the Highlands and Islands.
- 1945: First Scottish Nationalist MP is elected.
- 1947: Nationalisation of the railways - the Scottish Region of British Railways is created.
- 1947: The first Edinburgh International Festival is held.
- 1950: The Stone of Destiny is removed from Westminster Abbey.
- 1957: Scottish Television starts broadcasting.
- 1968: The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland permits the ordination of women as ministers.
- 1975: Local government reorganisation (replacing Counties and Burghs for administrative purposes with Regions and Districts).
- 1978: Launch of BBC Radio Scotland.
- 1979: Referendum to create a Scottish Assembly fails to meet the required majority.
- 1988: Terrorists blow up Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie with the loss of 270 lives, including 11 residents of the town.
- 1994: Local government reorganisation (replacing the Regions and Districts with single-tier councils).
- 1996: The Stone of Destiny is permanently returned to Scotland, to be housed in Edinburgh Castle.
- 1997: A referendum on a devolved Scottish Parliament is passed by a large majority.
- 1999: A Scottish parliament sits for the first time in 272 years.
[edit] 21st century
- 2004: Opening of the new Scottish Parliament Building.
- 2007: The Scottish National Party become the largest party in the Scottish Parliament and forms a minority government.
[edit] See also
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