Tamaraw

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Tamaraw

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bubalus
Species: B. mindorensis
Binomial name
Bubalus mindorensis
(Heude, 1888)
Range map in green
Range map in green

The Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) or Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo is a small hoofed mammal belonging to the family Bovidae.[1] It is endemic to the island of Mindoro in the Philippines and is the only endemic Philippine bovine. It is believed, however, to have once also thrived on the greater island of Luzon. The tamaraw was originally found all over Mindoro, from sea level up to the mountains (2000 meters above sea level), but because of human habitation, hunting, and logging, it is now restricted to only a few remote grassy plains and is now an endangered species.[2]

Contrary to common belief and past classification, the tamaraw is not a subspecies of the local carabao, which is only slightly larger, or the common water buffalo. In contrast to the carabao, it has a number of distinguishing characteristics: it is slightly hairier, has light markings on its face, is not gregarious, and has shorter horns that are somewhat V-shaped.[3] It is the largest native terrestrial mammal in the country.

Contents

[edit] Anatomy and morphology

Bubalus mindorensis has the appearance of a typical member of its family. It has a compact, heavyset, bovine body, four legs that end in cloven hooves and a small, horned head at the end of a short neck. It is smaller and stockier compared to the Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). There is little sexual dimorphism in the species although males are reported to have thicker necks.[4] The tamaraw has an average shoulder height of 100 to 105 centimeters. The length of the body is 220 centimeters while the tail measures 60 centimeters. Estimated weights for females are between 200 to 300 kilograms.

Adults have a dark brown to grayish color and more hair than Bubalus bubalis. The limbs are short and stocky. White markings are seen in the hooves and the inner lower forelegs. These markings are similar to that of the Anoa Bubalus depressicornis. The face is the same color as that of the body. Most of the members of the species also has a pair of gray-white strips that begins from the inner corner of the eye to the horns. The nose and lips have black skin. The ears are 13.5 centimeters long from notch to tip with white markings on the insides.

Both sexes grows short black horns in a V-shaped manner compared to C-shaped horns of Bubalus bubalis. The horns have flat surfaces and are triangular at their base. Due to the regular rubbing, the tamaraw's horns have a worn outer surface but with rough inner sides. The horns are reported to be 35.5 to 51.0 centimeters long.[5]

[edit] Distribution

The tamaraw was first documented in 1888 on the island of Mindoro. Before 1900, Mindoro was unpopulated due to malaria. However as anti-malarial medicine was developed, more people settled on the island. This increase in human activity has drastically reduced tamaraw population. By 1966 the tamaraw's range was reduced to three areas: Mount Iglit, Mount Calavite and areas near the Sablayon Penal Settlement. By 2000, their range was further reduced to only two areas: the Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park and Aruyan.[6]

Initial estimates of the Bubalus mindorensis population on Mindoro was placed at around 10,000 individuals in the early 1900s. Less than fifty years later in 1949, the population had dwindled to around a thousand individuals. By 1953, fewer than 250 animals were estimated to be alive.[7] These population estimates continually grew smaller until the IUCN publication of their 1969 Red Data Book, where the tamaraw population was noted to be an alarmingly low 100 heads.[8] This head count rose to 120 animals in 1975.[9] Current estimates place the wild tamaraw population from thirty to two hundred individuals.[2]

[edit] Ecology and life history

As a rare, endemic mammal on a somewhat secluded island, there the ecology of the tamaraw is largely unstudied and unrecorded. This is largely due to the fact that individuals of the species are reclusive and shy away from humans. In addition, the small sizes of the species' subpopulations, already spread thin throughout their fragmented range (on 1986, about 51 individuals are found in a 20 square kilometer area),[10] makes contact with any more than a solitary individual to be a rarity.

[edit] Habitat

Bubalus mindorensis prefers tropical highland forested areas. It is typically found in thick brush, near open-canopied glades where it may graze and feed on grasses. Since human habitation and subsequent forest fragmentation of their home island of Mindoro, the habitat preferences of the tamaraw has somewhat expanded to lower-altitude grassy plains. Within their mountainous environment, tamaraws will usually be found not far from sources of water.[2][6]

[edit] Trophic ecology

The tamaraw is a grazer that feeds on grasses and young bamboo shoots although it is known to prefer cogon and talahib (Saccharum spontaneum). They are naturally diurnal organisms, feeding during the daytime hours. However, human activities during the day have recently forced select B. mindorensis individuals to be nocturnal to avoid human contact.[3]

[edit] Life history

The tamaraw is known to live for about 20 years with an estimate lifespan of about 25 years. The adult female tamaraw gives birth to one offspring after a gestation period of about 300 days.[11] There is an interbirth interval of two years although a female has been sighted with three juveniles. The calf stays for 2-4 years with its mother and then goes on its own.[3]

[edit] Behavioral ecology

Unlike the closely-related water buffalo, B. mindorensis is a solitary creature. Adults of the species do not occur in herds or smaller packs and are often encountered alone. Only juveniles exhibit the typical bovine herding behavior and clan hierarchy often seen in water buffalo.[12] Males and females are known to associate all year round but this interaction lasts only a few hours. It has been suggested that this solitary behavior is an adaptation to its forest environment.[3] Adult males are often solitary and apparently aggressive while adult females can be alone, accompanied by a bull, or three young of different ages.[10]

Similar to other bovines, the tamaraw wallows in mud pits. It has been suggested that this behavior is employed by the animals in order to avoid biting insects.[13]

Another distinct behavior in B. mindorensis is their fierceness. There are reports concerning their fierceness when cornered although most are unsubstantiated. Threat posture used by the bovine involves lowering of the head, shifting its horns into a vertical position. This is accompanied with a lateral shaking of the head.[5]

[edit] Evolutionary history

The presence of B. mindorensis on the island of Mindoro, coupled with the discovery of fossil bubalids in other islands around the archipelago indicates that the family was once widespread throughout the Philippines.[14][15] In fact, fossil finds in the 20th century have shown that B. mindorensis were once found on the northern Philippine island of Luzon during the Pleistocene Epoch.[16]

As a member of the family Bovidae, the tamaraw's close affinity to the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has been validated many times in the past. It was once considered a subspecies of B. bubalis (as Anoa bubalis), Anoa bubalis mindorensis.[17] Recent genetic analysis studies of the family members further strengthen this view.[18]

[edit] Etymology and taxonomic history

The tamaraw was originally described as Anoa mindorensis by the French zoologist Pierre Marie Heude in 1888. In 1958, it was described as Anoa bubalis mindorensis, a subspecies of the then-water buffalo species (Anoa bubalis).[17] A little over a decade after, the tamaraw was elevated to species status as Anoa mindorensis in 1969.[19]

Later research and analyses of relationships determined the genus Anoa to be a part of the genus Bubalus. The tamaraw's scientific name was updated into its present form, Bubalus mindorensis (sometimes referred to as Bubalus (Bubalus) mindorensis).[20]

The name tamaraw has other variants like tamarau, tamarou and tamarao. It has been suggested that the term tamaraw came from tamadaw which is a probable alternative name for the Banteng (Bos javanicus).[21]

[edit] Conservation

Being an entirely endemic and rare land mammal, Bubalus mindorensis stands as an extremely vulnerable species. Currently, it is classified as a critically endangered species and has been so since 2000 by the IUCN on its IUCN Red List of endangered species. Awareness of the conservation status of Bubalus mindorensis began way back in 1965 when it was classified as Status inadequately known by the IUCN. Enough data was gathered on the tamaraw population by 1986,[22] and the IUCN conservation monitoring center declared the species endangered. Throughout succeeding surveys conducted in 1988,[23] 1990,[24] 1994[25] and 1996, the species remained listed on the Red List as endangered. The relisting of the species in 1996 fulfilled the IUCN criteria B1+2c and D1. Criterion B1 indicated that the species' range was less than 500 square kilometers and is known to exist in less than five independent locations. A noticed continuing decline in the population fulfilled sub-criterion 2c, given the condition of the population's sole habitat. Criterion D1 essentially required that a population be composed of less than 250 mature individuals; individual counts of the B. mindorensis population at the time figured significantly lower than this.[26] In 2000, the tamaraw was relisted on the Red List under the more severe C1 criteria. This was due to estimates that the population would decline by 20% in five years or within the timespan of two generations.[2][27]

Many factors have contributed to the decline of the tamaraw population. Over the course of the century, the increase of the human population on Mindoro has exposed the island's sole tamaraw population to severe anthropogenic pressures. In the 1930s, the introduction of non-native cattle on the island caused a severe rinderpest epidemic among the tamaraw population then-numbering in the thousands. Hunting of tamaraws for food and sustenance has also taken a toll on the species' numbers. The most major factor threatening survival of B. mindorensis is habitat loss due to infrastructure development, logging and agriculture. These factors reduced the population of thousands during the early 1900s to less than 300 individuals in 2007.[2][3]

Due to the decline of the B. mindorensis population, various Philippine laws and organizations have been created towards the conservation of the species. In 1936, Commonwealth Act No. 73 was enacted by the then-Philippine Commonwealth. The act specifically prohibited killing, hunting and even merely wounding tamaraws, with an exception noted for self-defense (if one were to be attacked by an agitated individual) or for scientific purposes. The penalties were harsh enough to include a hefty fine and imprisonment.[28]

In 1979, an executive order was signed creating a committee specifically geared towards the conservation of the tamaraw. The tamaraw was referred to as a "source of national pride" in the said E.O.[29] The Tamaraw Conservation Project was also established in 1979. The organization has successfully bred a tamaraw, nicknamed "Kali", in captivity in 1999.[3] In 2001, Republic Act 9147, or the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act was enacted to protect the tamaraw and other endemic species from hunting and sale.[30] During the 1970s, a gene pool was established to preserve the tamaraw's numbers. However, the project was not successful as only one offspring "Kali" was produced. As of today, only Kali and its mother "Mimi" is left in the gene pooling project. The project was also not improved as the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau shown that the tamaraws were already breeding in the wild. Cloning was not implemented for conservation as the Department of Environment and Natural Resource argued that such measures would diminish the genetic diversity of the species.[31]

A small subpopulation of tamaraw has been found within the confines of the Mt. Iglit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary on the same island of Mindoro.[12]

As of May 2007, Bubalus mindorensis is on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species where it has been since the species was first put on the list on January 7, 1975. With the listing, CITES recognizes the species as critically endangered and threatened with extinction. Thus, international commercial trade in the species or any derivatives of which, such as the meat, horns or flesh is considered illegal. While commercial trade in the species is prohibited, exchange for non-commercial reasons such as scientific research is allowed.[32][33]

[edit] Importance to humans

[edit] Economical and commercial value

While it is not as heavily exploited as other large, endangered mammals, the tamaraw population on Mindoro has been subject to some harvesting pressure before conservation efforts were spurred towards the latter half of the 20th century. In light of this, B. mindorensis has been harvested for its flesh by subsistence hunters on the island. The IUCN has described this hunting as still ongoing in their 2006 Red List report.[2]

[edit] In Philippine culture

The tamaraw on a currently out of circulation edition of the 1-peso coin.
The tamaraw on a currently out of circulation edition of the 1-peso coin.

Though the national animal of the Philippines is the carabao,[34] the Tamaraw is also considered as a national symbol of the Philippines. An image of the Tamaraw is found on the 1980-to-early-1990 version of the one-Peso coins.[35]

In 2004, Proclamation No. 692 was enacted to make October 1 a special working holiday in the province of Occidental Mindoro. In line with the Tamaraw Conservation Month, the aim of the proclamation is to remind the people of Mindoro the importance of the conservation of the tamaraw and its environment.[36]

In the 1970s Toyota Motors, through the defunct Delta Motors, built the Tamaraw AUV (Asian Utility Vehicle). Because of its ruggedness and simplicity of design, some examples still survive to this day, and copied by multinational (Ford, General Motors, through Francisco Motors in particular; and Nissan, through Universal Motors in particular) and local manufacturers to this day. Because it is Toyota's AUV, It shares its design with the Kijang, its Indonesian version. During this time Toyota held a franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association, and once naming its team the Toyota Tamaraws (see below).

During the wake of the Asian van popularity in the 1990s, Toyota Motors Philippines released an Asian van (still classified as an AUV) called Tamaraw FX in the Philippines. It was widely patronized by taxi operators and was immediately turned into a staple mode of transportation much like a cross of the taxi and the local jeepney. The FX eventually evolved into the SUV-ish Revo.

The tamaraw is also the mascot of the varsity teams of the Far Eastern University (FEU Tamaraws) in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, and of the Toyota Tamaraws of the Philippine Basketball Association.

The Tamaraw Falls in Barangay Villaflor, Puerto Galera was also named after the bovine.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Bubalus mindorensis (TSN 625123). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 17 March 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hedges (2000). Bubalus mindorensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Fuentes, Art (2005-02-21). The Tamaraw: Mindoro's endangered treasure. Haribon. Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  4. ^ Tamaraw bubalus mindorensis Heude, 1888. wildcattleconservation.org. Retrieved on 2007-07-12.
  5. ^ a b Huffman, Brent (2007-01-02). Bubalus mindorensis: Tamaraw (html). www.ultimateungulate.com. Ultimate Ungulate.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  6. ^ a b Massicot, Paul (2005-03-05). Animal Info - Tamaraw (htm). Animal Info. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
  7. ^ Kuehn, David W. (1977). "Increase in the tamaraw". Oryx 13: 453 pp.. ISSN: 0030-6053 / EISSN: 1365-3008. 
  8. ^ International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1969). 1969 IUCN 1969 Red Data Book. Vol. 1 - Mammalia. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN. 
  9. ^ "Major effort to save the tamaraw" (1989). Oryx 23: 126 pp.. ISSN: 0030-6053 / EISSN: 1365-3008. 
  10. ^ a b Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. JHU Press, 1149. ISBN 0801857899. 
  11. ^ Ageing, longevity, and life history of Bubalus mindorensis. Accessed March 5, 2007
  12. ^ a b Kuehn, David W. (September 1986). "Population and Social Characteristics of the Tamarao (Bubalus mindorensis)". Biotropica 18 (3): 263-266. doi:10.2307/2388495. 
  13. ^ McMillan, Brock R.; Michael R. Cottam, Donald W. Kaufman (July 2000). "Wallowing Behavior of American Bison (Bos bison) in Tallgrass Prairie: An Examination of Alternate Explanations". American Midland Naturalist 144 (1): 159-167. The University of Notre Dame. 
  14. ^ Croft, Darin A.; Lawrence R. Heaney, John J. Flynn, Angel P. Bautista (03-08-2006). "Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines". Journal of Mammalogy 87 (5): 1037. American Society of Mammalogists. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-018R.1. 
  15. ^ Burton, J. A.; S. Hedges, A. H. Mustari (2005). "The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi". Mammal Review 35 (1): 25-50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00048.x. 
  16. ^ Beyer, H. O. (1957). "New finds of fossil mammals from the Pleistocene strata of the Philippines". Bulletin of the National Research Council of the Philippines 41: 220-238. National Research Council of the Philippines. 
  17. ^ a b Bohlken, H. (1958). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Wildrinden (Tribus Bovini Simpson, 1945)". Zoologische Jahrb cher (Physiologie) 68: 113-202. 
  18. ^ Wall, David A.; Scott K. Davis, Bruce M. Read (May 1992). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) Based on Ribosomal DNA". Journal of Mammalogy 73 (2): 262-275. American Society of Mammalogists. doi:10.2307/1382056. 
  19. ^ Groves, C. P. (1969). "Systematics of the anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Beaufortia 223: 1-12. 
  20. ^ Bubalus mindorensis. Mammal Species of the World (MSW). Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (1993). Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  21. ^ Blust, Robert (2005). "The History of Faunal Terms in Austronesian Languages". Oceanic Linguistics 41: 89-140. 
  22. ^ IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (1986). 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN. 
  23. ^ IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (1988). 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN. 
  24. ^ IUCN (1990). 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 
  25. ^ Groombridge, B. (1994). 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 
  26. ^ Groombridge, B.; Baillie, J. (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 
  27. ^ Hilton-Taylor, C. (2000). 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN. 
  28. ^ An act to prohibiting the killing, hunting, wounding or taking away of Bubalus mindorensis, commonly known as tamaraw (html). Commonwealth Act No. 73. National Assembly of the Philippines (1936-10-23). Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
  29. ^ Marcos, Ferdinand E. (1979-07-09). Creating a presidential committee for the conservation of the tamaraw, defining its powers and for other purposes (html). Executive Order No. 544. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
  30. ^ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147 (htm). Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
  31. ^ "NQ7.net Philippines : Endangered Tamaraws breed in the wilds again" (html). Retrieved on 2007-03-08. 
  32. ^ CITES (2007-05-03). Appendices (shtml). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
  33. ^ UNEP-WCMC. Bubalus mindorensis. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
  34. ^ Philippines Independence Day Celebrations. National Symbol. 123independenceday.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  35. ^ Breithaupt, Jan (2003-04-29). Bubalus mindorensis, Philippines. EcoPort Picture Databank. EcoPort. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  36. ^ Government of the Republic of the Philippines (2004-08-13). "Proclamation No. 692". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.

[edit] Bibliography

  • Bubalus mindorensis (TSN 625123). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 17 March 2007.
  • Callo, R. A. (1991). "The tamaraw population: decreasing or increasing?". Canopy International 16 (4): 4-9. 
  • Custodio, Carlo C.; Myrissa V. Lepiten, Lawrence R. Heaney (1996-05-17). "Bubalus mindorensis". Mammalian Species 520: 1-5. doi:10.2307/3504276. 
  • Gesch, P. (2004). Bubalus mindorensis (html). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  • Heaney, L. R.; J. C. Regalado, Jr. (1998). Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rain forest. Chicago, Illinois: Field Museum, Chicago. 
  • Momongan, V. G.; G. I. Walde (1993). "Behavior of the endangered tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis huede) in captivity". Asia Life Sciences 2 (2): 241-350. 

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