Jeepney

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jeepney

Manufacturer	various
Production	post World War II - present
Assembly	Philippines
Class	Minibus
Body style(s)	Multi-purpose vehicle
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel drive
Engine(s)	Petroleum internal combustion
Transmission(s)	Manual
Related	Jeep

Jeepneys are the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines.^[1] They were originally made from US military jeeps left over from World War II^[2] and are well known for their flamboyant decoration and crowded seating. They have also become a symbol of Philippine culture.

The word jeepney is usually believed to be a portmanteau of "jeep" and "jitney".^[3]

1 History
2 Types
3 Manufacturers
4 See also
5 References
6 Gallery

[edit] History

When American troops began to leave the Philippines at the end of World War II, hundreds of surplus jeeps were sold or given to local Filipinos. Locals stripped down the jeeps to accommodate several passengers, added metal roofs for shade, and decorated the vehicles with vibrant colors and bright chrome hood ornaments.

The jeepney rapidly emerged as a popular and creative way to reestablish inexpensive public transportation, which had been virtually destroyed during World War II. Recognizing the widespread use of these vehicles, the Philippine government began to place restrictions on their use. Drivers now must have specialized licenses, regular routes, and reasonably fixed fares. Due to recent fuel price increases the Metro Manila fixed fare has increased from 5 pesos to 7.50 pesos (currently about 10 to fifteen cents American.)

[edit] Types

Several types of jeepneys have been produced. Jeepneys have only begun evolving recently, in response to environmental and economical concerns.

[edit] 1st Generation Jeepneys

These are either the refurbished military jeeps or those assembled from reconditioned engines. Some of these jeepneys have sizes similar to that of owner-type jeeps, with only the hind part of the vehicle lengthened.

[edit] 2nd Generation Jeepneys

Fully assembled from refurbished engines. Some also wield air-conditioning units, most popularly in Makati. Most of these kinds of jeepneys have radically expanded passenger capacities, and more often are flamboyant and noisy. Many of jeeps from this generation are notorious for smoke belching, and almost all of them run on diesel.

[edit] 3rd Generation Jeepneys

Jeepneys that are manufactured using brand new engine components. Many of these kinds of jeeps come with improved air-conditioning and somewhat now resembles a mini-bus.

[edit] Future Generations

Electric jeepneys are being test-run in Makati. In response to calls for reduced greenhouse gas emissions and the rise of oil prices, a limited number of these vehicles have been deployed. A final plan to implement electric jeepneys is yet to be announced. Future jeepneys to be locally built will belong in this category.

[edit] Manufacturers

A Jeepney in Manila.

Although the original jeepneys were simply refurbished military jeeps (Willys), modern jeepneys are now produced by independently owned workshops and factories within the Philippines. In the central Philippine island of Cebu, the bulk of jeepneys are built from second-hand Japanese trucks, originally intended for hauling cargo rather than passengers. These are euphemistically known as "surplus" trucks.

Recently the jeepney industry has faced threats to its survival in its current form. Most of the larger builders have either gone bankrupt or have switched to manufacturing other products. Currently there are 2 classes of jeepney builders in the Philippines.^[1] The backyard builders produce 1-5 vehicles a month, source their die stamped pieces from one of the larger manufacturers, and work with used engines and chassis from salvage yards (usually the Isuzu 4BA1, 4BC2, 4BE1 series diesel engines or the Mitsubishi Fuso 4D30 diesel engines--a shift from the Isuzu C240 engine that powered early jeepneys). The second type of manufacturer is the large volume manufacturer. They have 2 sub groups: the PUJ (Public Utility Jeep) and the large volume metal-stamping companies that supply parts as well as complete vehicles.

The jeepney builders in the past were mostly concentrated in Cebu City, Las Piñas City and Cavite; however, with the recent slowdown of sales, many of the smaller builders have gone out of business. The largest manufacturer of owner-type jeeps in the Philippines is David Motors Inc. in Quezon City, located on the north side of Metro Manila. The largest manufacturer of vintage style army jeepneys is MD Juan.

Other manufacturers/marks include Mega (which also produces the Lanceta line of jeepneys, in Lipa), Malagueña (whose factory in Cavite was the site of one of the very first Yield Stops of The Amazing Race),^[4] LGS Motors, Morales, Hebron, Marinel (jeepney makers based in Rizal which is popular for their patok (popular) jeepneys which are equipped with high-powered sound systems, aggressive racing themes and lettering/fonts, and their speed--some even achieving a "lowered"-style) and Sarao Motors , and Armak (one of the largest). Another manufacturer PBJ motors manufactured jeepneys in Pampanga using techniques derived from Sarao Motors. Armak nowadays sell remanufactured trucks and vehicles on the side to survive, alongside its jeepneys.

Passenger jeepneys are also facing increasing restrictions and regulations for pollution controls, as they increase amounts of traffic and consume lots of fuel. A recent study published in a Metro Manila newspaper compared the fuel use of a 16-passenger jeepney to a 54-passenger air-conditioned bus and found that the fuel consumption for both was the same. With major roads clogged by empty jeepneys cruising for fares, there is intense pressure to remove them from the streets of Metro Manila and other cities.

The cost for a new jeepney will also rise due to the increased costs of raw materials like steel and the need to use new engines to power their vehicles. The supply of remanufactured used engines is slowly dropping as wear and age take their toll and the number of factories that rebuild engines diminishes.

The jeepney industry has evolved more quickly in the past 2 years than it has in the past 50 years. Many local manufacturers are moving to build more modern-looking jeepneys such as Hummer lookalikes and oversized Toyota van-style passenger jeepneys with Toyota headlights, hoods and bumpers. Already in production is a jeepney the size of a small bus and is equipped with state-of-the-art vehicle technology (brand-new engine and drivetrain) and Thermo-King-brand airconditioning intended for buses. Local automobile parts manufacturers are now planning the production of electricity-run jeepneys. ^[5]