Silver nitrate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Silver nitrate | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [7761-88-8] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | AgNO3 |
| Molar mass | 169.88 g/mol Ag = 63.50%, N = 8.25%, O = 28.25% |
| Appearance | white solid |
| Density | 4.35 g/cm3 (solid) |
| Melting point |
212 °C, 485 K, 414 °F |
| Boiling point |
444 °C, 717 K, 831 °F (decomp.) |
| Hazards | |
| EU classification | Corrosive (C) Dangerous for the environment (N) |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
2
2
OX
|
| R-phrases | R8,R34, R50/53 |
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S26, S45, S60, S61 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Silver nitrate is a soluble chemical compound with chemical formula AgNO3. This nitrate of silver is a versatile precursor to many silver compounds, such as those used in photography, although this salt is far less sensitive to light than the halides. A spill of AgNO3 solution on the skin results in a white stain which turns dark after exposure to sunlight(UV radiation), after long periods of no sunlight the stain may revert back to white/light purple. The stain usually goes away as the skin peels, which takes about 1.5 weeks. It is also possible to use a nail file to rub the stained skin away.
Contents |
[edit] Chemistry
Silver nitrate crystals can be produced by dissolving silver metal in a solution of nitric acid and evaporating the solution. The equation is as follows:
- 4Ag(s) + 6HNO3(aq) → 4AgNO3(aq) + 3H2O(l) + NO(g) + NO2(g)
In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.[1]
[edit] Applications
[edit] Precursor to other silver compounds
Silver nitrate is the least expensive salt of silver and offers several other advantages as well. It is non-hygroscopic, in contrast to silver fluoroborate and silver perchlorate. It is relatively stable to light. Finally it dissolves in numerous solvents. The nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands, rendering AgNO3 versatile. Treatment with solutions of halide ions gives a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I). When making photographic film, silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silver halide in situ in photographic gelatin, which is then applied to strips of tri-acetate or polyester. Similarly, silver nitrate is used to prepare some silver-based explosives, such as the fulminate, azide, or acetylide, through a precipitation reaction. Treatment of silver nitrate with base gives silver oxide:[2]
- 2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH → Ag2O + 2 NaNO3 + H2O
[edit] Organic synthesis
Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis, e.g. for deprotection and oxidations. Ag+ binds alkenes reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption. The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release the free alkene.[3]
[edit] Medicine
Silver salts have antiseptic properties. AgNO3 is often dropped into newborn babies' eyes at birth to prevent contraction of gonorrhoea or chlamydia from the mother. Eye infections and blindness of newborns is reduced by this method. This protection was first used by Credé in 1881 and is still in use.[4][5][6] Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic". It is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma. Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate infused swabs to heal oral ulcers. Silver nitrate is also used by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed.
The Canadian physician C. A. Douglas Ringrose researched the use of silver nitrate for sterilization procedures on women. A specialist in obstetrics and gynaecology, Ringrose believed that the corrosive properties of silver nitrate could be used to block and corrode the fallopian tubes, in a process that he called "office tubal sterilization".[7] The technique was ineffective; in fact at least two women underwent abortions. Ringrose was sued for malpractice, although these suits were unsuccessful.[8]
[edit] Biology
In histology, silver nitrate is used for silver staining, for demonstrating proteins and nucleic acids. For this reason it is also used to demonstrate proteins in PAGE gels. It is also used as a stain in scanning electron microscopy[citation needed].
[edit] Analytical chemistry
The presence of chloride, bromide, or iodide ions can be tested by adding silver nitrate solution. Samples are typically acidifed with dilute nitric acid to remove interfering ions, e.g. carbonate ions and sulfide ions. This step avoids confusion of silver sulfide or silver carbonate precipitates with that of silver halides. Addition of AgNO3 to the resulting solutions produces a precipitate in the presence of halides. The color of precipitate varies with the halide: white (silver chloride), pale yellow/cream (silver bromide), yellow (silver iodide). AgBr and especially AgI photo-decompose to the metal, as evidence by a grayish color on exposed samples.
[edit] Coordination chemistry
In aqueous solution, silver nitrate is also often used to abstract halides in the form of the insoluble silver halide salt:
- Ag+ (aq) + X- (aq) → AgX (s) (X = Cl, Br, I)
Other silver salts with non-coordinating anions, namely silver tetrafluoroborate and silver hexafluorophosphate are used for more demanding applications.
[edit] Toxicity
As with all silver salts, silver nitrate is toxic and corrosive.[9] Little exposure to the chemical will not produce immediate or even any side effects other than the purple skin stains, but with more exposure, side effects will become more noticeable. It is also very poisonous and can cause burns. Long-term exposure can cause permanent blue-grey staining of eyes, mouth, throat and skin, (argyria) and may cause eye damage. Short contact can lead to deposition of black silver stains on the skin. Besides being very destructive of mucous membranes, it is a skin and eye irritant.
[edit] References
- ^ P. Meyer, A. Rimsky et R. Chevalier (1978). "Structure du nitrate d'argent à pression et température ordinaires. Example de cristal parfait". Acta Crystallographica Section B 34: 1457-1462. doi:.
- ^ Campaigne, E.; LeSuer, W. M. "3-Thiophenecarboxylic (Thenoic) Acid" Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 4, p.919 (1963). (preparation of Ag2O, used in oxidation of an aldehyde). http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV4P0919.pdf
- ^ Cope, A. C.; Bach, R. D. "trans-Cyclooctene" Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 5, p.315 (1973); Vol. 49, p.39 (1969). http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV5P0315.pdf
- ^ Peter.H (2000). "Dr Carl Credé (1819-1892) and the prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum". Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 83: F158-F159.
- ^ Credé C. S. E. (1881). "Die Verhürtung der Augenentzündung der Neugeborenen". Archiv für Gynaekologie 17: 50-53.
- ^ Bulletin of the WHO: Credé's method still valid?
- ^ Ringrose CA. (1973). "Office tubal sterilization". Obstetrics and Gynecology 42 (1): 151-5. PMID 4720201.
- ^ Cryderman v. Ringrose (1978), 89 D.L.R. (3d) 32 (Alta S.C.) and Zimmer et. al v. Ringrose (1981) 4 W.W.R. 75 (Alta C.A.).
- ^ Safety data for silver nitrate (MSDS). Oxford University Chemistry department.
