Padmasambhava

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Padmasambhava statue near Kullu, India
Padmasambhava statue near Kullu, India

Padmasambhava (also Padmakara or Padma Raja; earlier - Saroruha Vajra or simply Saroruha) (Ch: 蓮華生上師, Pinyin: Lian Hua Sheng Shang Shi; Tib: Pema Jungne, Wylie: padma 'byung gnas), in Sanskrit meaning "lotus-born", is said to have brought Tantric Buddhism to Tibet in the 8th century. In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master") or Lopon Rinpoche,[1] where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha. Padmasambhava is the son of Drenpa Namkha.[2]

His Pureland Paradise is Zangdok Palri (the Copper-coloured Mountain). [3]

Contents

[edit] Life and teachings

The birth of Padmasambhava
The birth of Padmasambhava

According to tradition, Padmasambhava was incarnated as an eight-year-old child appearing in a lotus blossom floating in Lake Dhanakosha, in the kingdom of Uddiyana, traditionally identified with the Swat Valley of Ancient India in present-day Pakistan.[4] His special nature was recognized by the local king who married him to one of his daughters, Mandarava. She and Padmasambhava's other main consort, Yeshe Tsogyal, developed into realised practitioners. Many thangkas and paintings show Padmasambhava in between them.

Entrance to Dawa Puk, Guru Rinpoche's cave, Yerpa, 1993.
Entrance to Dawa Puk, Guru Rinpoche's cave, Yerpa, 1993.

His fame became known to Trisong Detsen, the 38th king of the Yarlung dynasty, and the first Emperor of Tibet (742–797), whose kingdom was beset by evil mountain deities. The king invited Padmasambhava to Tibet where he used his tantric powers to subdue the evil deities he encountered along the way, eventually receiving the Emperor's wife, identified with the dakini Yeshe Tsogyal, as a consort. This was in accordance with the tantric principle of not eliminating negative forces but redirecting them to fuel the journey toward spiritual awakening. In Tibet he founded the first monastery in the country, Samye Gompa,[5] initiated the first monks, and introduced the people to the practice of Tantric Buddhism.

Padmasambhava had five major female tantric companions, the so-called 'Five Wisdon Dakinis' (Wylie: Ye-shes mKha-'gro lnga) or 'Five Consorts.' In Padmasambhava's biography - they are described as the five women "who had access to the master's heart", and practiced secret sexual tantric rites which are considered to have exorcised the previous demons of Tibet and converted them into protectors of the the country.'[6] They were: Mandarava of Zahor - the emanation of Vajravarahi's Body; Belwong Kalasiddhi of (North-West) India - the emanation of Vajravarahi's Quality, Belmo Sakya Devi of Nepal; the emanation of Vajravarahi's Mind, Yeshe Tsogyal of Tibet; the emanation of Vajravarahi's Speech and Mangala or Tashi Kyedren of "the Himalayas" - the emanation of Vajravarahi's Activity.[7][8]

Thangka depicted Padmasambava
Thangka depicted Padmasambava

Padmasambhava's ability to memorize and comprehend esoteric texts in a single hearing established his reputation as a master above all others. Knowing that the life force of the wife and son of evil minister was about to end, he constructed an accident which resulted in their death. As a result, Padmasambhava was banished from the court and exiled in a charnel ground. Transiting various heavens and hells, he developed the power to transcend the cycle of birth and death, accomplishing the so-called great transference, otherwise known as Nirvana.

In Bhutan he is associated with the famous Taktshang or "Tiger's Nest" monastery built on a sheer cliff wall about 500m above the floor of Paro valley. He flew there from Tibet on the back of Yeshe Tsogyal, whom he transformed into a flying tigress for the purpose of the trip. Later he travelled to Bumthang district to subdue a powerful deity offended by a local king. Padmasambhava's body imprint can be found in the wall of a cave at nearby Kurje Lhakhang temple.

Padmasambhava also hid a number of religious treasures (termas) in lakes, caves, fields and forests of the Himalayan region to be found and interpreted by future tertöns or spiritual treasure-finders.[9] According to Tibetan tradition, the Bardo Thodol (commonly referred to as the Tibetan Book of the Dead) was among these hidden treasures, subsequently discovered by a Tibetan terton, Karma Lingpa.

Padmasambhava is attributed with the quotation, "When the iron bird flies and the horse goes on wheels, the Dharma will travel west to the land of the red men." Although it has become common to interpret this as a prophesy regarding the West, Buddhist scholar Stephen Batchelor argues that it more likely refers to the dharma coming to Tibet from China, with "Iron Bird" referring to the Iron Bird year (781, when Chinese scholars were invited to teach at Samye), the "red faces" being Tibetans (who painted their faces red for battle), and "wheeled horses" being chariots, a traditional symbol of power. [10]

[edit] Iconography

The khatvanga, a danda with three severed heads denoting liberation from the three worlds or triloka, crowned by a trishula and dressed with a sash of the Himalayan Rainbow or Five Pure Lights of the Mahabhuta is a particular divine attribute of Padmasambhava and endemic to his iconographic representation. The katvanga is also emblematic of Padmasambhava when depicted as an accoutrement of his divine consorts, Mandarava and Yeshe Tsogyal and according to the Twilight Language is representative of Yab-Yum in these examples.[citation needed]

[edit] Manifestations

Padmasambhava is said to have taken eight forms or manifestations (Tib. Guru Tsen Gye) representing different aspects of his being - wrath, pacification, etc.:

Statue of Guru Rinpoche in his meditation cave at Yerpa, Tibet
Statue of Guru Rinpoche in his meditation cave at Yerpa, Tibet

In the 14th century, Christian missionaries came to Lhasa, Tibet hoping to convert the population. After hearing the Christians recount the story of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, the Tibetans exclaimed, 'It was he!' "The pious Buddhists were completely convinced that Jesus Christ was an incarnation of Padmasambhava." The Christians then stopped trying to convert the population because the Buddhists thought the teachings of Christ were a "confirmation of the teachings that had been proclaimed by Sakyamuni, Padsambhava, and other Buddhist saints." [11]

When Theos Bernard visited Tibet in 1937, he was accepted as a reincarnation of Padmasambhava, what enabled him to take part in many special religious ceremonies and to discuss Tibetan teachings with some of the leading lamas at famous Tibetan monasteries.

[edit] The Vajra Guru mantra

The Vajra Guru (Padmasambhava) mantra Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum is favoured and held in esteem by sadhakas. Like most Sanskritic mantras in Tibet, the Tibetan pronunciation demonstrates dialectic variation and is generally Om Ah Hum Benza Guru Pema Siddhi Hung. In the Vajrayana traditions, particularly of the Nyingmapa, it is held to be a powerful mantra engendering communion with the Three Vajras of Padmasambhava's mindstream and by his grace, all enlightened beings.[12]

[edit] See also

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin. (1969) Tibet: Its History, Religion and People, p. 155. Chatto & Windus. Reprint: Penguin Books (1987), p. 162.
  2. ^ Karmay, The Treasury of Good Sayings, Oxford University Press, London 1972: xxxii n.4
  3. ^ Dudjom Rinpoche: Continually he prayed that all those who saw him, heard him, came in contact with him or even thought of him would be freed from suffering. It was prophesied that all who had taken refuge in him or anyone who had any sort of connection with him would be reborn in Padmasambhava's Pureland known as Zangdok Palri (the Copper-coloured Mountain).
  4. ^ The conventional notion is that Uddiyana was located in the Swat Valley of present-day Pakistan, although some historians, including Robert E. Thurman, suggest it may have been in present-day Afghanistan.
  5. ^ Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin. (1969) Tibet: Its History, Religion and People, p. 162. Chatto & Windus. Reprint: Penguin Books (1987).
  6. ^ Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin. (1969) Tibet: Its History, Religion and People, p. 162. Chatto & Windus. Reprint: Penguin Books (1987).
  7. ^ The Five Consorts The Yoniverse
  8. ^ [1] Five Wisdom Dakinis.
  9. ^ Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
  10. ^ "Tibet, Tibet." Batchelor, Stephen. From an unpublished (and unfinished) paper delivered at a symposium on Tibet at the University of Colorado in Boulder, 28 January, 2000.[2]
  11. ^ Kersten, Holger. Jesus Lived in India: His Unknown Life Before & After the Crucifixion. New York: Penguin Books, 1981. p. 33-4.
  12. ^ Sogyal Rinpoche (1992). The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, pp. 386-389 Harper, San Francisco. ISBN 0-7126-5437-2.

[edit] References

  • Guenther, Herbert V. The Teachings of Padmasambhava. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996. ISBN 9004105425
  • Dudjom Rinpoche. The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History. Translated by Gyurme Dorje and Matthew Kapstein. Boston: Wisdom Publications. 1991, 2002. ISBN 0861711998
  • Schmidt, Erik Hein, and Marcia Binder, ed. 1993. The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava. Composed by Yeshe Tsogyal, revealed by Nyang Ral Nyima Öser, foreword' by Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, clarification by Tsele Natsok Rangdröl. Translated from Tibetan by Erik Pema Kunsang. 1st edition, Shambhala Books. Reprint: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, Boudhanath. 1998. ISBN 962-7341-55-X
  • Thondup, Tulku. Hidden Teachings of Tibet: An Explanation of the Terma Tradition of the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism. London: Wisdom Publications, 1986.
  • Tsogyal, Yeshe. The Lotus-Born: The Lifestory of Padmasambhava. Translated by Erik Pema Kunsang. Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2004.
  • Zangpo, Ngawang. Guru Rinpoche: His Life and Times. Snow Lion Publications, 2002.

[edit] Further reading

  • Tsogyal, Yeshe. The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava. Padma bKa'i Thang. Two Volumes. 1978. Translated into English by Kenneth Douglas and Gwendolyn Bays. ISBN 0-913546-18-6 and ISBN 0-913546-20-8.

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