John Howard

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See also: Howard Government

The Honourable  John Winston Howard  AC, LLB
25th Prime Minister of Australia Elections: 1987, 1996—2007
In office 11 March 1996 – 3 December 2007
Deputy	Tim Fischer (1996-99) John Anderson (1999-2005) Mark Vaile (2005-07)
Preceded by	Paul Keating
Succeeded by	Kevin Rudd
29th Treasurer of Australia
In office 19 November 1977 – 11 March 1983
Preceded by	Phillip Lynch
Succeeded by	Paul Keating
Member of the Australian Parliament for Bennelong
In office 18 May 1974 – 24 November 2007
Preceded by	John Cramer
Succeeded by	Maxine McKew
Born	26 July 1939 (1939-07-26) (age 68) Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Political party	LPA
Spouse	Janette Howard
Alma mater	University of Sydney
Profession	Solicitor

John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He is the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.

Howard was a member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1974 to 2007, representing the Division of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer in the government of Malcolm Fraser from 1977–1983. He was Leader of the Liberal Party and Coalition Opposition from 1985–1989, which included the 1987 federal election against Bob Hawke. He was re-elected as Leader of the Opposition in 1995.

Howard led the Liberal-National Coalition to victory at the 1996 federal election, defeating Paul Keating's Labor government and ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition. Howard was sworn in as Prime Minister on 11 March 1996. Howard's government was re-elected at the 1998, 2001 and 2004 elections. Howard oversaw taxation reform by introducing a Goods and Services Tax, implemented significant gun control, increased immigration and brought in wide ranging industrial relations reforms throughout his 11 years as Prime Minister.

Howard was defeated at the 2007 election by Labor's Maxine McKew, making him the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce in 1929, to lose his own seat. The Coalition also lost government at the same election to the Australian Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Entry into politics 3 Member of Parliament 4 Federal Treasurer (1977–1983) 5 Opposition years (1983-1996) 6 Prime Minister 6.1 First term: 1996–1998 6.2 Second term: 1998–2001 6.3 Third term: 2001–2004 6.4 Fourth term: 2004–2007 7 The 2007 election campaign 8 Leadership and retirement doubts 9 Relationship with George Bush 10 Relationship with Indigenous Australia 10.1 Northern Territory intervention 11 After politics 12 Honours 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Further reading 16 External links

Early life

John Howard is the fourth son of Lyall Howard and Mona (née Kell). His parents were married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936.

Howard grew up in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood. His mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternal grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where John Howard worked as a boy.^[1] Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John^[2] (or "Jack" as he was also known).^[3]

Howard suffered a hearing impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment.^[4] It also influenced him in subtle ways, limiting his early academic performance; encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory; and in his mind ruling out becoming a barrister as a likely career.^[5]

Howard attended the publicly funded state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys' High School.^[6] Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood (presented by local politician Eric Willis), and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby.^[7] In his final year at school he took part in a radio show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB, and a recording of the show survives.^[8] After gaining his Leaving Certificate, he studied law at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1961,^[6] and subsequently practising as a solicitor for twelve years.^[9]

Howard married fellow Liberal Party member Janette Parker in 1971, with whom he had three children: Melanie (1974), Tim (1977) and Richard (1980).^[10]

Entry into politics

Howard joined the Liberal Party in 1957. He held office in the New South Wales Liberal Party on the State Executive and served as President of the Young Liberals (1962–64), the party youth organisation.^[11] Howard supported Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, although has since said there were "aspects of it that could have been handled and explained differently".^[12]

At the 1963 federal election, Howard acted as campaign manager in his local seat of Parkes for the successful candidacy of Tom Hughes who defeated the 20 year Labor incumbent.

In 1967 with the support of party power brokers, John Carrick and Eric Willis, he was endorsed as candidate for the marginal suburban state seat of Drummoyne, held by the ALP. Howard's mother sold the family home in Earlwood and rented a house with him at Five Dock, a suburb within the electorate. At the election in February 1968, in which the incumbent state Liberal government was returned to office, Howard failed to defeat the sitting member, despite campaigning vigorously.^[13] Howard and his mother subsequently returned to Earlwood, moving to a house on the same street where he grew up.

Member of Parliament

At the 1974 federal election, Howard successfully contested the Sydney suburban seat of Bennelong and became a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives. When Malcolm Fraser's government came to power in December 1975, Howard was appointed Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs, a position in which he served until 1977.^[9]

Federal Treasurer (1977–1983)

In December 1977, at the age of 38, Howard was appointed Treasurer, for which he became known as "the boy Treasurer".^[9] In this role, he was a strong adherent of monetarism, and he favoured cuts to personal income tax and business tax, lower government spending, the dismantling of the centralised wage-fixing system, the abolition of compulsory trade unionism, and the privatisation of government-owned enterprises.

In 1979, Treasurer Howard established a committee of inquiry, the Campbell Committee, to investigate financial system reforms. The process of reform began before the Committee reported 2 1/2 years later, with the introduction of the tender system for the sale of Treasury notes in 1979, and Treasury bonds in 1982. Ian Macfarlane (Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia 1996-2006) described these reforms as "second only in importance to the float of the Australian dollar in 1983." ^[14]

In April 1982, Howard was elected Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party.

During Howard's tenure as Treasurer, the 90-day cash rate peaked at 21% on 8 April 1982, while home loan mortage rates were capped at 13.5%, and inflation peaked at 12.5% in September 1982.^[15] Peter Costello commented, in 2007, that "The Howard treasurership was not a success in terms of interest rates and inflation... he had not been a great reformer."^[16]

Opposition years (1983-1996)

Following the 1983 defeat of the Fraser government and Fraser's subsequent resignation from parliament, Howard contested the Liberal leadership but was defeated by Andrew Peacock. Remaining Deputy Leader of the parliamentary party, Howard became Deputy Leader of the Opposition. After electoral defeat by Hawke and Labor at the 1984 election, Peacock sought, in September 1985, to replace Howard with John Moore as Deputy Leader. The party room re-elected Howard to the position. Peacock resigned and Howard became Opposition Leader unopposed on 3 September.^[17]

Howard came to be known as an economic liberal – in his own words, an "economic radical" – yet an avowed social conservative.^[18] He opposed "political correctness" and the promotion of multiculturalism at the expense of a shared national identity. In July 1986, Howard famously said that "The times will suit me".^[19] However, his chances of unseating Hawke at the 1987 election were ruined when the arch-conservative Premier of Queensland Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen launched a populist "Joh for Canberra" campaign that divided the federal conservative political movement and saw Hawke comfortably re-elected.

On 22 August 1988, from Opposition, Howard named and launched a new immigration and ethnic affairs policy, titled One Australia. The policy detailed a vision of "one nation and one future", including opposition to multiculturalism and rejection of Aboriginal land rights.^[20] Howard's comments that same month about Asian immigration led to controversy and divisions within the Liberal Party:

"I do believe that if it is – in the eyes of some in the community – that it's too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supporting of social cohesion if it were slowed down a little, so the capacity of the community to absorb it was greater".^[21]

Other members of Howard's coalition, including Shadow Finance Minister John Stone and Deputy Opposition Leader Ian Sinclair also spoke out about Asian immigration, suggesting it must be reduced.^[18][22]

On 25 August 1988, Prime Minister Bob Hawke responded by introducing a parliamentary motion stating that no Australian government would use race or ethnic origin as a criterion for immigration. Four members of the Liberal Party crossed the floor of parliament to vote with Labor: Hon Dr Peter Baume (Senator), Steele Hall, Ian Macphee and Philip Ruddock. Two others, Ian Wilson and Michael MacKellar abstained from the vote.^[23]

In September 1988, Howard elaborated his opposition to multiculturalism by saying "To me, multiculturalism suggests that we can't make up our minds who we are or what we believe in."^[20] He rejected the idea of an Aboriginal treaty as "repugnant to the ideals of One Australia"^[20] and commented "I don't think it is wrong, racist, immoral or anything, for a country to say 'we will decide what the cultural identity and the cultural destiny of this country will be and nobody else."^[24]

Dissent within the Liberal Party over Asian immigration was believed by some political commentators to have weakened Howard's leadership.^[23] In February 1989, John Elliott approached Andrew Peacock and encouraged Peacock to launch a leadership challenge against Howard.^[23] In May 1989, Peacock launched a surprise leadership coup, ousting Howard as Liberal leader. The loss of the Liberal Party leadership to Peacock deeply affected Howard, who admitted he would occasionally drink too much. ^[25] After time on the backbench, Howard returned to the Coalition front bench. Following the Coalition's 1990 election loss, Peacock was replaced with former Howard staffer Dr. John Hewson. Asked whether he would try again to attain the Liberal leadership, Howard likened the possibility of his political comeback to "Lazarus with a triple bypass".^[26]

Howard was a supporter of Hewson's economic program, with a Goods and Services Tax (GST) as its centrepiece. After Hewson lost the "unloseable" 1993 election to Paul Keating, Howard unsuccessfully challenged Hewson for the leadership. In 1994, he was again passed over for the leadership, which went to Alexander Downer. Downer failed to dent Keating's dominance and, in January 1995, he resigned as leader. Peter Costello, deputy party leader, did not challenge for the leadership, over a decade later citing an agreement between the pair that allowed Howard to become leader for a second time unopposed. Howard said no deal had ever been made. ^[27]

Prime Minister

Main article: Howard Government

As Opposition Leader for the second time, Howard revised his earlier statements against Medicare and Asian immigration.^[21] During the campaign Howard outlined his vision of Australia in 2000 to the ABC:

I want to see an Australian society that sees this country as a unique intersection of Europe, North America and Asia. Australia is incredibly lucky to have a European heritage, deep connections with North America, but to be geographically cast in the Asian/Pacific region and if we think of ourselves as that strategic intersection, then I think we have a remarkable opportunity to carve a special niche for ourselves in ... in the history of the next century.^[12]

Following Howard's election to Opposition Leader, the Coalition opened a large lead over Labor in most opinion polls, and Howard overtook Keating as preferred Prime Minister. Referring to the failed John Hewson proposal for a Goods and Services Tax (GST), Howard said:

There's no way that GST will ever be part of our policy.... Never ever. It's dead. It was killed by the voters in the last election.^[28]

Winning over many traditional Labor voters, a group termed the "Howard battlers", Howard won a sweeping victory at the 1996 elections, with a 26-seat swing--the second-largest defeat of an incumbent government since Federation. At the age of 56, he was sworn in as Prime Minister on 11 March 1996, ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition.^[9]

In the run-up to the election, Pauline Hanson, the Liberal candidate for Oxley in Queensland was disendorsed because of comments she made to The Queensland Times. Howard said:

Well, I certainly believe in her right to say what she said. I thought some of the things she said were an accurate reflection of what people feel.^[29]

First term: 1996–1998

Heralded by the prompt announcement that a $10-billion "budget black hole" left by the previous Labor government would necessitate considerable reduction in many areas of government expenditure, prudent economic management became a major emphasis of Howard's government.^[30] Training and education programs developed under the Keating government were scrapped, infrastructure investment was scaled down, funding for indigenous bodies was reduced, and a "work for the dole" system was introduced that required able-bodied social security recipients to seek work. Thus began a trend of budget surpluses which would be maintained most years (excepting the 2001-2002 financial year where a cash deficit of $1.3 Billion was recorded).^[31]

Following the Port Arthur massacre in April 1996, Howard coordinated action by the state governments to restrict the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns and pump-action shotguns and raised the prospect of a referendum on gun control. May 10 that year he structured a "National Firearms Agreement" covering related matters such as uniform firearms licensing, although this was never fully implemented.

Howard introduced a "Code of Ministerial Conduct"^[32] at the start of his term and seven cabinet ministers subsequently resigned following breaches of the code.^{[citation needed]}

In the October 1998 election, the Liberal-National Coalition, suffered a large swing largely driven by an opposition campaign against the Government's proposal for Goods and Services Tax.^{[citation needed]} The Labor opposition won 51% of the national two-party preferred vote, but the Coalition were returned with a comfortable majority in parliament.

Second term: 1998–2001

Following the August 1999 East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum result for secession from Indonesia and the subsequent "scorched earth" campaign by pro-Indonesian militias, Australia led a peacekeeping/policing force to East Timor. The mission won wide support in Australia but seriously damaged relations with the Indonesian government.

The promised Goods & Services Tax (GST) was introduced, replacing a range of taxes on specific goods with a flat rate on almost all goods and services. In accordance with an Intergovernmental Agreement, the Australian Government administers the GST on behalf of the states and territories, to whom all GST revenue is paid. The federal government determines the share of GST revenue received by each using a formula recommended by the Commonwealth Grants Commission. Howard passed the GST legislation through the hostile Senate following a deal with Australian Democrats' leader Senator Meg Lees that excluded a number of items from the GST, including fresh food such as fruit and vegetables. As a partial offset for the GST, a $7,000 "first home buyers grant" was introduced in 2000.^[33]

The Howard government was trailing in the polls in 2001.^{[citation needed]} It lost a by-election in the normally safe electorate of Ryan in Queensland and Labor governments were elected in all the states and territories except South Australia (which fell to Labor in 2002). In response, petrol excise indexation was abandoned and government benefits to self-funded retirees increased.^{[citation needed]}

The 2001 election campaign

See also: Australian federal election, 2001

The government introduced "border protection" legislation which was broadly supported by the Labor opposition but opposed on specific points. The issue saw the Howard government portray itself as "tough" on border protection and national security. The Howard government subsequently received a big lift in the polls^[34] and many commentators cite the August 2001 Tampa controversy as the decisive issue in the 2001 election.^[35] For the 2001 election campaign, Howard used the slogan: "We will decide who comes to this country and the circumstances in which they come."^[36]

In what was to become known as the Children Overboard Affair, Immigration Minister Philip Ruddock, Howard and Defence Minister Peter Reith Ruddock said that children had been thrown into the sea during a maritime incident involving a boatload of asylum seekers.^[37] Following the election, naval and intelligence sources refuted the claim,^{[citation needed]} and two senate inquiries found the claim to be untrue and that the government knew this prior to the election.^[38]

At the November 2001 elections, the Coalition was re-elected with a larger majority than in 1998 and achieved the biggest swing to an incumbent government since 1966.^{[citation needed]}

Third term: 2001–2004

The government did not secure a Senate majority in the 2001 election, and its ability to pass planned legislation was restricted.^{[citation needed]}

The seat of Bennelong became home to many Asian immigrants, and in May 2002, Howard retracted his 1988 comments about Asian immigration:

My instinct is that Asian-Australians are very much part of the community now. I think it (their integration) has been quicker. I just don't hear people talking about it now, even as much as they did five years ago, and I have an electorate which is very Asian.^[21]

Throughout 2002 and 2003 he kept his lead in the opinion polls over Labor leader, Simon Crean.

In March 2003, the Howard government and 40 other countries including the United Kingdom and the United States, sent troops and naval units to support in the invasion of Iraq and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power. Large public protests against the war occurred in various cities.^[39] Several senior figures from the Liberal party, including John Valder, a former president of the Liberal Party, and Howard's former friend and colleague, former Opposition Leader John Hewson and former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser publicly criticised Howard over Iraq.^[40] John Valder's criticism was particularly strong, claiming that Howard should be tried and punished as a war criminal.^[41]

On Anzac Day 2004, Howard made an unannounced visit to Australian defence personnel in Iraq. This came amid debate in Australia over the war following opposition leader Mark Latham's promise to return Australian troops by Christmas. Howard portrayed Latham as a threat to the U.S.-Australia alliance.^{[citation needed]}

On 6 May 2004, Howard convened a meeting with a group of energy industry representatives called the Lower Emissions Technology Advisory Group (LETAG). Although it met with the renewable energy sector separately, the Government was later criticised for not inviting them to this meeting. According to leaked minutes from the meeting, Howard would conclude that technology would be the long-term solution to greenhouse issues and his focus should be on ways to accelerate introduction of technology for reducing greenhouse gases, but that he was not looking for the establishment of public policy. Concerns about the cost and effectiveness of the current Mandatory Renewable Energy Targets (MRET) were also raised.^[42]

See also: Australian federal election, 2004

On 29 August 2004, Howard called an election for 9 October. The Labor opposition, after the resignation of Simon Crean and the election of Mark Latham as leader in December 2003, had established a large lead in some opinion polls by March 2004, and the government entered the election campaign behind Labor in all published national opinion polls. Howard himself still had a large lead over Latham as preferred Prime Minister in those same polls and most commentators regarded the result as being too close to call.

During the campaign, Howard attacked Latham's economic record as Mayor of Liverpool City Council. Howard also attacked Labor's economic history.

It is an historic fact that interest rates have always gone up under Labor governments over the last 30 years, because Labor governments spend more than they collect and drive budgets into deficit ... So it will be with a Latham Labor government... I will guarantee that interest rates are always going to be lower under a Coalition government.^[43]

Towards the end of the election campaign, Howard promised a large spending program on health, education, small business and family payments, areas perceived as Labor strengths.^{[citation needed]}

The election result was an increased Coalition majority in the House of Representatives and the first, albeit slim, government majority in the Senate since 1981. On a two party preferred basis, the Coalition achieved 52.74% of the vote to Labor's 47.26%. However, for the second time since becoming Prime Minister, Howard himself had to go to preferences in order to win another term in his own seat. He took 49.9 percent of the first count and was only assured of reelection on the third count. Ultimately, Howard won 53.3 percent of the two-party preferred vote.^[44]

Fourth term: 2004–2007

On 21 December 2004, Howard became the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.^[45] The new Senate came into effect on 1 July 2005, giving a government control of both houses for the first time since the Fraser government.

The Howard government revisited and secured the passage of previously blocked legislation, including industrial relations changes, the abolition of compulsory university student union fees and liberalisation of media ownership laws (by lowering restrictions on media companies owning multiple different media). It also instructed the Governor-General to disallow a legislation, the ACT Civil Unions Act.^[46]

Howard chaired APEC Australia 2007, culminating in the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in Sydney during September.^[47] The meeting was at times overshadowed by leadership speculation following further poor poll results^[48] and public criticism of security arrangements.^[49]

The Coalition trailed Labor in opinion polls from mid-2006 onward, but Howard still consistently led Labor leader Kim Beazley on the question of preferred Prime Minister. In December 2006, after Kevin Rudd became Labor leader, the two-party preferred deficit widened even further and Rudd swiftly overtook Howard as preferred Prime Minister.

See also: Economy of Australia

In April 2006, the government announced it had completely paid off the last of $96 billion of Commonwealth net debt inherited when it came to power in 1996.^[50] Economists generally welcomed the news, while cautioning that some level of debt was not necessarily bad, and that some of the debt had been transferred to the private sector.^{[51][verification needed]} Howard often cited the economic management of his government as a point in its favour, but came under heavy criticism toward the end of 2007 in the lead up to the Federal election. It was alleged by opposition leader Kevin Rudd during their single leadership debate that Howard had no plan to deal with inflationary pressures on the economy, and would not be able to handle future interest rate rises.

In 2005, Howard announced significant changes to industrial relations laws, known as Workchoices. The were opposed by the union movement and state Labor governments, and public rallies were held to protest the proposed changes.^[52] The industrial relations were passed into law but were later cited as a major factor in the Howard government's 2007 election loss. The Labor party undertook to repeal the legislation.

The Howard government did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, arguing that it did not set binding emission reduction targets for developing countries such as China and India.^[53]

The 2007 election campaign

Main article: Australian federal election, 2007

On 14 October, Howard announced a 24 November election, saying the country "does not need new leadership, it does not need old leadership. It needs the right leadership".^[54] By the time election writs were issued, the Coalition was running well behind Labor in all polls. Most pundits predicted a large Labor victory. ABC election analyst Antony Green noted the Coalition's numbers were similar to what Labor had polled before losing power in 1996.

Opposition leader Kevin Rudd called for a minimum of three debates between himself and John Howard over the campaign period. Howard, who had been rated poorly by studio audiences at past leadership debates, pressed for a single debate "whether [Rudd] was there or not". On 21 October, Howard and Rudd took part in a live nationally televised leaders' debate. Although Howard had pressed for the Nine Network to abandon its use of "the worm" — an on-screen graphic depicting studio audience sentiment — it still featured in Nine's debate coverage.^[55] Commentators widely reported Rudd as the victor in the debate.^[56]

In the 24 November election, Howard and his Coalition government were soundly defeated, losing 23 seats — the fourth-worst defeat of an incumbent government since Federation. Late that night, Howard conceded that Labor had won government and the likelihood that he had lost Bennelong to former journalist Maxine McKew. Howard had been 206 votes ahead of McKew on the first count, and finished 2.8 percentage points behind McKew on the estimated two-party vote.^[57] While the ABC and other media outlets projected on election night that Howard had been unseated, McKew declined to claim victory at first, saying that the seat was on "a knife edge."^[58] On 1 December, McKew claimed victory.^[59] Counting was incomplete at the time, with several postal and absentee ballots still outstanding. However, it was expected that Howard would not win enough of them to retain hi seat.^{[60][61][62][63]}

On 12 December, the Electoral Commission formally declared McKew the winner by 44,685 votes (51.4 percent) to Howard's 42,251 (48.6 percent). Howard formally conceded defeat later that day. The final tally showed that Howard lost on the 14th count due to a large flow of Green preferences to McKew. He had been ahead by thin margins for most of the night, never leading by more than 0.2 percentage points.^[64] Four other members of Howard's Cabinet were defeated.

Howard confided in a former colleague that losing Bennelong was a "silver lining in the thunder cloud of defeat" as it spared him the ignominy of opposition.^[65] He remained in office as caretaker Prime Minister until the formal swearing in of Rudd's government on 3 December.^[66] Howard is the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce, to lose his seat in an election.^[67]

Federal Liberal Party director Brian Loughnane said "it was the failure of Kim Beazley's leadership that had masked voter concerns about Howard".^[68] Media analysis of The Australian Election Study, a postal survey of 1873 voters during the 2007 poll, found that although respondents respected Howard and thought he had won the 6-week election campaign, Howard was considered "at odds with public opinion on cut-through issues", his opponent had achieved the highest "likeability" rating in the survey's 20-year history, and a majority had decided their voting intention prior to the election campaign.^[69]

Leadership and retirement doubts

Despite being the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Australian history, John Howard's time in office was marked by almost continuous speculation about when he would be succeeded as Prime Minister by Peter Costello.^[70]

In July 2006, it was alleged that a deal had been struck with Peter Costello in 1994 with Ian McLachlan present, that if the Liberal party were to win the next election, Howard would serve one and a half terms of office and then allow Costello to take over. Howard denied that this constituted a deal, yet Costello and McLachlan insisted it did;^[71] and there were calls for Costello to either challenge or quit.^[72]

After losing government and his seat, John Howard anointed Costello as his successor. Costello however refused to accept the role of leader of the opposition^[73], and Brendan Nelson was elected as leader of the parliamentary Liberal Party.

Relationship with George Bush

A feature of John Howard's period in office was his close relationship with United States president George W. Bush^[74] In May, 2003, Howard made an overnight stay at Bush's Prairie Chapel Ranch in Texas^[75]. The two shared a common ideology on many issues, most visibly in their approach to the "War on Terror".^[74]

In February 2007, referring to the US presidential contest, Howard claimed that Democratic nomination candidate Barack Obama's stance on the war would encourage terrorism in Iraq]]^[76][77].

Relationship with Indigenous Australia

Following the Wik Decision of the High Court in 1996, John Howard's government moved swiftly to legislate limitations on its possible implications with the so-called Ten-Point Plan.

As recommended in the 1997 Bringing Them Home report, John Howard's government also considered the issue of a national apology to Indigenous Australians, in recognition of the treatment by previous governments following the European settlement of the country. However, in the face of a growing movement in favour of a national apology, Howard was resolute in his refusal to do this, although all state and territory governments issued their own. Instead, on 26 August 1999 John Howard personally expressed "deep sorrow" while maintaining that "Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies."^[78] In February 2008, after Howard failed to win a fifth term, incoming Prime Minister Kevin Rudd made an apology on behalf of the federal parliament, which received bipartisan support. Howard was the only living former Prime Minister who declined to attend.^[79]

In 2005, the Howard Government abolished the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, the only federal body charged with formally representing indigenous Australians. This was done in response to concerns that its organisational structure was conducive to corrupt behaviour by its officers^[80].

Northern Territory intervention

In August 2007, the Howard government announced the Northern Territory National Emergency Response. This package of revisions to welfare provisions, law enforcement and other measures was advanced as a plan for addressing child abuse in Aboriginal Northern Territory communities that had been highlighted by the "Little Children are Sacred" report in mid-June.

Howard had been a long-time opponent of indigenous Native Title in Australia. Key components of the intervention included seizure by the Federal Government of local community land leases for a five year period and removal of the permit system that had allowed aboriginal communities to control access to their land.

The plan drew criticism from the report's authors for not incorporating any of the report's numerous recommendations^[81], however some aboriginal activists such as Noel Pearson provided qualified support for the intervention, as it provided the first sign of the Howard government taking any significant interest in aboriginal affairs. Commentators noted the approaching November federal election, suggesting that the intervention was an attempt at "wedge politics" and an appeal to middle class non-Aboriginal voters concerned with child abuse and racial issues.

After politics

In January 2008, John Howard signed with a prominent speaking agency called the Washington Speakers Bureau, joining Tony Blair, Colin Powell, Madeleine Albright, and others. He will be available for two speeches, Leadership in the New Century and The Global Economic Future.^[82] In February 2008, John Howard gave a speech to the Nigerian parliament on how to achieve economic prosperity. ^[83]

Honours

• Appointed as a Companion of the Order of Australia in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours list "for distinguished service to the Parliament of Australia, particularly as Prime Minister and through contributions to economic and social policy reform, fostering and promoting Australia's interests internationally, and the development of significant philanthropic links between the business sector, arts and charitable organisations." ^[84]
• Centenary Medal in January 2001
• The Star of the Solomon Islands together with Helen Clark as Prime Minister of New Zealand on 15 June 2005 for their respective roles in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands.^[85]
• Irving Kristol Award, the highest award of the American Enterprise Institute, 3 January 2008 ^[86]
• Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service in Government, 6 April 2008 ^[87]
• Howard also recieved the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award from the Woodrow Wilson Center of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution on August 22, 2005 in Sydney.

See also

• First Howard Ministry
• Second Howard Ministry
• Third Howard Ministry
• Fourth Howard Ministry

Notes

Further reading

Publications

• Barnett, David; Goward, Pru (1997). John Howard, Prime Minister. Viking. ISBN 0-670-87389-6. 

• Cater, Nick (2006). The Howard Factor. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 0-522-85284-X. 

• Errington, Wayne; Van Onselen, Peter (2007). John Winston Howard: The Biography. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522853346

• Kevin, Tony (2004). A Certain Maritime Incident the sinking of SIEV X. Scribe Publications. ISBN 1-920769-21-8. 

• Kingston, Margo (June 2004). Not Happy, John! defending Australia's democracy. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-300258-9. 

• Maddox, Marion (February 2005). God Under Howard: The rise of the religious right in Australian politics. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-568-6. 

• Marr, David; Wilkinson, Marian (August 2005). Dark Victory. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-447-7. 

• Wilkie, Andrew (October 2004). Axis of deceit (Black Inc. Agenda). Melbourne: Schwarz Publishing. ISBN 0-9750769-2-2. 

Websites

• Howard's speech to parliament in which he puts forward his claims of threat from Iraq as reasons for Australian support of the subsequent invasion of Iraq in 2003. Hansard of the Parliament of Australia (2003-02-04). Retrieved on 2006-07-08.

External links

Find more about John Howard on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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• Australia's Prime Ministers: John Howard National Archives of Australia
• John Howard addresses a joint session of parliament in Canada, the first Australian Prime Minister to do so since John Curtin in 1944.
• John Howard: A political life – a slideshow of John Howard's life
• ABC's Four Corners – Howard's End video

Political offices
Preceded by Ivor Greenwood (customs)	Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs 1975 – 1977	Succeeded by Wal Fife
New title	Minister for Special Trade Negotiations 1977	Succeeded by Victor Garland
Preceded by Phillip Lynch	Treasurer of Australia 1977 – 1983	Succeeded by Paul Keating
Preceded by Paul Keating	Prime Minister of Australia 1996 – 2007	Succeeded by Kevin Rudd
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by Sir John Cramer	Member for Bennelong 1974 – 2007	Succeeded by Maxine McKew
Party political offices
Preceded by Andrew Peacock	Leader of the Liberal Party 1985 – 1989	Succeeded by Andrew Peacock
Preceded by Alexander Downer	Leader of the Liberal Party 1995 – 2007	Succeeded by Brendan Nelson

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v • d • e Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia Menzies · Holt · Gorton · McMahon · Snedden · Fraser · Peacock · Howard · Peacock · Hewson · Downer · Howard · Nelson

Persondata
NAME	Howard, John Winston
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Prime Minister of Australia
DATE OF BIRTH	26 July 1939
PLACE OF BIRTH	Sydney, Australia
DATE OF DEATH	Living
PLACE OF DEATH