John Amos Comenius
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John Amos Comenius (Czech: Jan Amos Komenský; Slovak: Ján Amos Komenský; German: Johann Amos Comenius; Polish: Jan Amos Komeński; latinized: Iohannes Amos Comenius) (March 28, 1592 – November 15, 1670) was a Czech teacher, scientist, educator, and writer. He was a Unity of the Brethren/Moravian Protestant bishop, a religious refugee, and one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. Comenius became known as the teacher of nations.
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[edit] Life and work
The birthplace of Comenius is not known. There are three possible locations: Komňa, Nivnice, or Uherský Brod in Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic).
- Komňa is a small village where his parents lived and where he takes his name from. (Czech: Komňa → Komenský; Comenius is a Latinised form).
- Nivnice is a small village where he spent his childhood.
- Uherský Brod is a town where to he moved during his childhood. There is a museum devoted to him there.
Latinschool in Přerov (Moravia) where he returned 1614-18 as a teacher of the school. Studies in Herborn (1611-13) and Heidelberg (1613-14). He was greatly influenced by the Irish Jesuit William Bathe as well as his teachers Johann Piscator, Heinrich Gutberleth, and particularly Heinrich Alsted. The Herborn school held the principle that every theory has to be functional in practical use, therefore has to be didactic, ie morally instructive. Comenius had a few wrinkles on his mentors' thoughts later published in Janua linguarum reserata (1631) which may have made him and the Moravian Church especial targets of the Counter Reformation. Alternately, the work may have resulted from the pogroms which drove him and his church out of its homeland into exile, but in any event, the work led him to widespread prominence and fame while suffering exile.
Comenius became a pastor at age 24 and led the Brethren into exile when the Protestants were persecuted under the Counter Reformation. He lived and worked in many different countries in Europe, including Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Transylvania, the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Netherlands, and Royal Hungary. Comenius took refuge in Leszno in Poland, where he led the gymnasium, then to Sweden to work with Queen Christina and the chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. From 1642-1648 he went to Elbing (Elbląg) in Polish Royal Prussia, then to England with the aid of Samuel Hartlib, who came originally from Elbing. In 1650 Zsuzsanna Lorántffy, widow of George I Rákóczi prince of Transylvania invited him to Sárospatak. Comenius was living there till 1654, he was professor of the first Hungarian Protestant college, and he wrote some of his most important works there. Then Comenius went to Leszno again and during the Northern Wars in 1655 declared his support for the Protestant Swedish side, for which his house, his manuscripts, and the school's printing press were burned down by Polish partisans in 1656. From there he took refuge in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, where he died in 1670. For unclear reasons he was buried in Naarden, where his grave can be visited in the mausoleum devoted to him.
Interesting facts surrounding Comenius' life include his being considered a father of modern education and having been asked to be the first President of Harvard University.[citation needed]
His book, Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart, is actually a reflection of his life experience. Comenius and studies into his life and teachings have become better known since the fall of the Iron Curtain.
One of his daughters, Elisabeth, married Peter Figulus from Jablonné nad Orlicí. Their son, Daniel Ernst Jablonski, Comenius's grandson, later went to Berlin, where he became the highest official pastor at the court of King Frederick I of Prussia. There he became acquainted with Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf. Zinzendorf was the among the first successors to Comenius as bishop in the renewed Moravian Brethren's Church.
Comenius was the author of numerous publications, such as Janua Linguarum Reserata (a new Dutch translation by CFJ Antonides is available), Orbis Sensualium Pictus (World in Pictures) (1657), probably the most renowned and most widely circulated of school textbooks,[1] and the Protestant Hymn songbooks (Gesangbuch).
[edit] Legacy
During the 19th century Czech National Revival, Comenius became idealised as a symbol of the Czech nation. This image persists to the present day.
In Sárospatak, Hungary, a teacher's college is named after him (the college now belongs to the University of Miskolc.)
March 28, the birthday of Comenius, is celebrated as Teachers' Day in Slovakia and in the Czech Republic.
The Comenius Medal, one of UNESCO’s most prestigious awards honouring outstanding achievements in the fields of education research and innovation, is named after him.
In 1892 Comenius Hall, the principal classroom and faculty office building on Moravian College's campus, was built. In 1892 the three-hundredth anniversary of Comenius was very widely celebrated by educators, and at that time the Comenian Society for the study and publication of his works was formed.[2]
In 1919 the Comenius University was founded in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, (now in Slovakia). It was the first university with courses in the Slovak language.
A European Union school partnership program (Comenius - European Cooperation on School Education) has been named after the teacher of nations.
The education department at Salem College has an annual Comenius Symposium dedicated in his honor; the subjects usually deal with modern issues in education.
Gate to Languages, a project of lifelong education, taking place in the Czech Republic from October 2005 to June 2007 and aimed at language education of teachers, was named after his book Janua linguarum reserata (Gate to Languages Unlocked).
A primary school in Skopje Republic of Macedonia is named after Comenius (Jan Amos Komenski in Macedonian). The school was built by the Czechoslovakian government after the catastrophic earthquake in 1963 that levelled most of Skopje.
The Comenius Foundation is a non-governmental organisation in Poland, dedicated to the provision of equal opportunities to children under 10 years of age.
[edit] See also
- Jan Amos Comenius Medal, established by UNESCO and the Ministry of National Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic in 1992
- Moravian College
- Comenius Hall
- History of philosophy in Poland
[edit] Bibliography
- Orbis Pictus
- Gesangbuch
- Linguae Bohemicae thesaurus, hoc est lexicon plenissimum, grammatica accurata, idiotismorum elegantiae et emphases adagiaque (Treasure of Language Bohemician), 1612-1656
- Problemata miscellanea (Different Problems), 1612
- Sylloge quaestionum controversarum (), 1613
- Grammaticae facilioris praecepta (), 1614-1616
- O andělích (About Angels), 1615
- Theatrum universitatis rerum (), 1616-1627
- Retuňk proti Antikristu a svodům jeho (), 1617
- O starožitnostech Moravy (), 1618-1621
- Spis o rodu Žerotínů (Script about House of Žerotín), 1618-1621
- Mapa Moravy (Moraviae nova et post omnes priores accuratissima delineatio autore J. A. Comenio)(Map of Moravia), 1618-1627
- Listové do nebe (Letters to heaven), 1619
- Manuálník aneb jádro celé biblí svaté (Manual or core of the whole saint Bible), 1620-1623
- Pŕemyšlování o dokonalosti kŕesťanské (Thinking about christian perfection), 1622
- Nedobytedlný hrad jméno Hospodinovo (Unconqerable fortress (is) name of the God), 1622
- Truchlivý, díl první (), 1623
- O poezí české (About bohemian poetry), 1623-1626
- Truchlivý, díl druhý (), 1624
- O sirobě (About poor people), 1624
- Pres boží (), 1624
- Centrum securitatis (), 1625
- Vidění a zjevení Kryštofa Kottera, souseda a jircháŕe sprotavského (Seeing and revelation of kryštof Kotter, neibourgh of mine and "jirchář" of sprotava), 1625
- Pŕeklad někkterých žalmů (Translation of some), 1626
- Didaktika česká (), 1628-1630
- Škola hrou (The School of Infancy) 1630, N.B. This English Translation of the title is incorrect: "Škola hrou" translates to "School by play" or "Learning by Play"
- Labyrint světa a ráj srdce (Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart) 1631
- Brána jazyků otevřena (The Gate of Languages unlocked) 1631
- Didactica magna (The Great Didactica), 1633-1638
- Schola pansophica (Schhol of Pansophy), 1650-1651
- Primitiae laborum scholasticorum (), 1650-1651
- Opera didactica omnia (), 1657
- De bono unitatis et ordinis (), 1660
- De rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio catholica ()
- Spicilegium Didacticum (), 1680
[edit] Publications
- Keatinge, The Great Didactic of Comenius (London, 1896)
- Laurie, John Amos Comenius (1881; sixth edition, 1898)
- Quick, Essays on Educational Reformers (London, 1890)
- Müller, Comenius, ein Systematiker in der Pädagogik (Dresden, 1887)
- Löscher, Comenius, der Pädagogik und Bischof (Leipzig, 1889)
- Monroe, Comenius and the Beginning of Educational Reform (New York, 1900)
[edit] External links
- Comenius' biography
- Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia, Central Europe
- J.A. Comenius Museum in Uherský Brod
- Comenius Museum & Mausoleum, Naarden, NL
- The Comenius Foundation, Poland
- Article by the psychologist Jean Piaget on the importance of Comenius (PDF)
- THE GREAT DIDACTIC (Didactica Magna) online
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