James Russell Lowell
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| James Russell Lowell | |
|---|---|
 James Russell Lowell circa 1855. |
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| Born | February 22, 1819 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died | August 12, 1891 (aged 72) Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
| Occupation | Poet, literary critic, US Minister (Spain, London) |
| Literary movement | Romanticism |
James Russell Lowell (b. February 22, 1819, Cambridge, Massachusetts–d. August 12, 1891, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American Romantic poet, critic, satirist, diplomat, and abolitionist.
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[edit] Early life
James Russell Lowell was born February 22, 1819,[1] the son of the Rev. Charles Russell Lowell, Sr. (1782–1861) and uncle of Charles Russell Lowell, Jr, a Brigadier General in the American Civil War who fell at the battle of Cedar Creek.
On his mother's side he was descended from the Spences and Trails, who made their home in the Orkney Islands. His great-grandfather, Robert Trail, had returned to Britain on the outbreak of hostilities in 1775.
He was brought up near open countryside, and always felt close to nature; he also became acquainted with the work of Edmund Spenser and Sir Walter Scott in childhood, and was taught old ballads by his mother. His schoolmaster was an Englishman, and before he entered Harvard College he had a more familiar acquaintance with Latin verse than most.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1838, after an undistinguished academic career. During his college course he wrote a number of trivial pieces for a college magazine, and shortly after graduating printed for private circulation the poem his class had asked him to write for their graduation festivities. He was a member of the Porcellian Club.
Not knowing what vocation to choose, he vacillated among business, the ministry, medicine and law. Having decided to practice law, he took a course at the Harvard law school, and was admitted to the bar. While studying law, however, he contributed poems and prose articles to various magazines and was one of the five members of the group known as the Fireside Poets.
After an unhappy love affair, he became engaged to Maria White in the autumn of 1840, and the next twelve years of his life were deeply affected by her influence. White was herself a noted poet. Her character and beliefs led her to become involved in the movements directed against intemperance and slavery. White was a member of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and convinced Lowell to become an abolitionist.[2]
[edit] Literary career
Lowell's earliest poems were published without pay in the Southern Literary Messenger in 1840.[3] In 1841, Lowell published A Year's Life, which was dedicated to his future wife, and recorded his new emotions with a backward glance at the preceding period of depression and irresolution. Lowell was inspired to new efforts towards self-support, and though nominally maintaining his law office, he joined a friend, Robert Carter, in founding a literary journal, The Pioneer. The periodical assisted in initiating a paradigm shift towards new ideals in literature and art. Lowell’s expertise as an editor is indicated by the writers he turned to for assistance—Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, John Greenleaf Whittier, —none of whom possessed a wide reputation at the time. Lowell had already turned his studies in dramatic and early poetic literature to account in another magazine, and continued the series in The Pioneer, besides contributing poems. After three monthly numbers, beginning in January 1843, the magazine ceased publication, leaving Lowell $1,800 in debt.[4] Its failure was in part because of Lowell's sudden illness, and in part due to the inexperience and unfortunate business connections of the founders. Nevertheless, the venture confirmed him in his desire for a literary career.
In 1843 he published a collection of his poems, and a year later he gathered up certain material which he had printed, edited and added to it, and produced Conversations on Some of the Old Poets. The dialogue form was used, but there was no attempt at the dramatic. The book reflects Lowell's state of mind at the time, for the conversations relate only partly to the poets and dramatists of the Elizabethan era; they also include discussion of current reforms in church, state and society.
Literature and reform continued to share Lowell's attention for the next decade. Just as the book appeared, he and Maria were married, and spent the winter and early spring of 1845 in Philadelphia. Here, besides continuing his literary contributions to magazines, Lowell had a regular engagement as an editorial writer on The Pennsylvania Freeman, a fortnightly journal devoted to the Anti-Slavery cause. In the spring of 1845, the Lowells returned to Cambridge to make their home at Elmwood and had four children. Blanche, their first child, was born on the last day of 1845 and died fifteen months later. Their second daughter, Mabel, was born six months after Blanche's death, lived to survive her father. Their third and forth children, Rose and Walter, both died in infancy (Lowell 1899, pp 226-227)[5].
[edit] Fame as a satirist
Lowell's mother was in poor mental health, and his wife was physically frail. These troubles combined with a lack of money conspired to make Lowell almost a recluse, but he continued to produce writings which show the interest he took in affairs. He contributed poems to the daily press, prompted by the slavery question; early in 1846, he was a correspondent of the London Daily News, and in the spring of 1848 he formed a connection with the National Anti-Slavery Standard of New York, agreeing to contribute weekly either a poem or a prose article. The prose articles form a series of incisive, witty and sometimes prophetic diatribes.
It was a period of great mental activity, and four books which stand as witnesses to the Lowell of 1848, namely, the second series of Poems, containing among others Columbus, An Indian Summer Reverie, To the Dandelion, The Changeling, A Fable for Critics, in which, after the manner of Leigh Hunt's The Feast of the Poets, he characterizes in witty verse and with good-natured satire American contemporary writers, and in which, the publication being anonymous, he included himself; The Vision of Sir Launfal, a romantic story suggested by the Arthurian legends—one of his most popular poems; and finally The Biglow Papers which was later named by the Grolier Club as the most influential book of 1848.[6]
Lowell had already acquired a reputation, but this satire brought him wider fame. The book was not premeditated; a single poem, inspired by the recruiting for the abhorred Mexican-American War, couched in rustic phrase and sent to the Boston Courier, made him a leader of the little army of Anti-Slavery reformers. Lowell discovered what he had done at the same time that the public did, and he followed the poem with eight others, either in the Courier or the Anti-Slavery Standard.
He developed four well-defined characters in the process: a country farmer, Ezekiel Biglow, and his son Hosea; the Rev. Homer Wilbur, a shrewd old-fashioned country minister; and Birdofredum Sawin, a Northern renegade who enters the army, together with one or two subordinate characters; and his stinging satire and sly humor are so set forth in the vernacular of New England as to give at once a historic dignity to this form of speech (Later he wrote an elaborate paper to show the survival in New England of the English of the early 17th century). He embroidered his verse with an entertaining apparatus of notes and mock criticism; even his index was spiced with wit. The book was a caustic arraignment of the course taken in connexion with the annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War.
The death of Lowell's mother, and the fragility of his wife's health, led Lowell, his wife, their daughter Mabel and their infant son Walter, to go to Europe in 1851, and they went direct to Italy. Walter died suddenly in Rome, and they received news of the illness of Lowell's father. They returned in November 1852, and Lowell published some recollections of his journey in the magazines, collecting the sketches later in a prose volume, Fireside Travels. He took part in the editing of an American edition of the British Poets, but the state of his wife's health preoccupied him, and only her death (27 October 1853) released him from the strain of anxiety, the grief accompanied by a readjustment of his nature and a new intellectual activity.
At the invitation of his cousin, he delivered a course of lectures on English poets at the Lowell Institute in Boston in the winter of 1855. This first formal appearance as a critic and historian of literature at once gave him a new standing in the community, and he was elected to the Smith Professorship of Modern Languages in Harvard College, made vacant by the retirement of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Lowell accepted the appointment, with the proviso that he should have a year of study abroad. He spent it mainly in Germany, visiting Italy, and increasing his acquaintance with the French, German, Italian and Spanish languages.
He returned to America in the summer of 1856, and began his college duties, retaining his position for twenty years. As a teacher he proved a quickener of thought amongst students, rather than a close instructor. His power lay in the interpretation of literature rather than in linguistic study, and his influence over his pupils was exercised by his own fireside as well as in the relation, always friendly and familiar, which he held to them in the classroom. In 1856 he married Frances Dunlap, who was in charge of his daughter Mabel.
[edit] The war years
In the autumn of 1857, The Atlantic Monthly was established, and Lowell was its first editor. He at once gave the magazine the stamp of high literature and of bold speech on public affairs. He held this position only till the spring of 1861, but he continued to make the magazine the vehicle of his poetry and of some prose for the rest of his life; his prose, however, was more abundantly presented in the pages of The North American Review during the years 1862-1872, when he was associated with Charles Eliot Norton, its editor. This magazine especially gave him the opportunity of expression of political views during the eventful years of the American Civil War. It was in The Atlantic during the same period that he published a second series of The Biglow Papers. Both his collegiate and editorial duties stimulated his critical powers, and the publication in the two magazines, followed by republication in book form of a series of studies of great authors, gave him an important place as a critic.
He wrote on a remarkably broad array of writers, including Shakespeare, Dryden, Lessing, Rousseau, Dante, Spenser, Wordsworth, Milton, Keats, Carlyle, Thoreau, Swinburne, Chaucer, Emerson, Pope, and Gray. He wrote also a number of essays, such as My Garden Acquaintance, A Good Word for Winter, and On a Certain Condescension in Foreigners which were incursions into the field of nature and society. Although the great bulk of his writing was now in prose, he made after this date some of his most notable ventures in poetry.
In 1868, he issued the next collection in Under the Willows and Other Poems, but in 1865 he had delivered his Ode Recited at the Harvard Commemoration, and the successive centennial historical anniversaries drew from him a series of stately odes. It was also during this period that he was made a non-resident professor at the recently-established Cornell University.
[edit] Late life
In 1877 Lowell, who had mingled so little in party politics that the sole public office he had held was the nominal one of elector in the Presidential election of 1876, was appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes as the minister to the court of Spain. He had a good knowledge of Spanish language and literature, and his long-continued studies in history and his quick judgment enabled him speedily to adjust himself to these new relations. Some of his dispatches to the home government were published in a posthumous volume Impressions of Spain.
In 1880 he was transferred to London as American minister, and remained there until the close of President Arthur's administration in the spring of 1885. As a man of letters he was already well known in England, and he was in much demand as an orator on public occasions, especially of a literary nature; but he also proved himself a sagacious publicist, and made himself a wise interpreter of each country to the other. During his time in England, he acted as pall-bearer at the funeral of Charles Darwin.
Shortly after his retirement from public life he published Democracy and Other Addresses, all of which had been delivered in England. The title address was an epigrammatic confession of political faith as hopeful as it was wise and keen. The close of his stay in England was saddened by the death of his second wife in 1885. After his return to America he made several visits to England.
His public life had made him more of a figure in the world; he was decorated with the highest honors Harvard could pay officially, and with highest honors from Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, Edinburgh and Bologna. He issued another collection of his poems, Heartsease and Rue, in 1888, and occupied himself with revising and rearranging his works, which were published in ten volumes in 1890.
The last months of his life were attended by illness, and he died at Elmwood on August 12, 1891. After his death his literary executor, Norton, published a brief collection of his poems, and two volumes of added prose, besides editing his letters.
[edit] Criticism and legacy
Richard Armour wrote: "As a Harvard graduate and an editor for the Atlantic Monthly, it must have been difficult for Lowell to write like an illiterate oaf, but he succeeded."[7] Walt Whitman said: "Lowell was not a grower—he was a builder. He built poems: he didn't put in the seed, and water the seed, and send down his sun—letting the rest take care of itself: he measured his poems—kept them within formula."[8] John Greenleaf Whittier praised Lowell, writing two poems in his honor, and calling him "our new Theocritus" and "one of the strongest and manliest of our writers–a republican poet who dares to speak brave words of unpopular truth".[9]
The Union Grammar School in San Francisco was renamed Lowell High School in 1894 in his honor. The James Russell Lowell Elementary School in Watertown, MA, Lowell Elementary School in Brainerd, MN, and Lowell Elementary School in Philadelphia, PA were named also in his honor.
[edit] References
- ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 39. ISBN 086576008X
- ^ Yellin, Jean Fagan. "Hawthorne and the Slavery Question", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 45. ISBN 0195124146
- ^ Hubbell, Jay B. The South in American Literature: 1607-1900. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 373–374.
- ^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 201. ISBN 0060923318
- ^ Lowell, Delmar. (1899) The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899, Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company. ISBN 9780788415678.
- ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 19. ISBN 086576008X
- ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 146. ISBN 086576008X
- ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 171. ISBN 086576008X
- ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Portrait in Paradox. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967: 113.
[edit] External links
- Works by James Russell Lowell at Project Gutenberg
- Works by James Russell Lowell at Internet Archive
- Full View Books with PDF downloads at Google Books
| Preceded by Caleb Cushing |
U.S. Minister to Spain 1877–1880 |
Succeeded by Lucius Fairchild |
| Preceded by John Welsh |
U.S. Minister to Great Britain 1880–1885 |
Succeeded by Edward J. Phelps |
