Hong Kong English

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Hong Kong English, in theory, refers to the accent and characteristics of English spoken by Hongkongers. In practice, it is often considered, especially by the locals, as the Hong Kong varient of Engrish.

Since many of the 'characteristics' in Hong Kong English are perceived as erroneous and improper use of English, the term is often used by the locals as a disparagement rather than to describe a linguistic identity. The majority of Hongkongers with English proficiency tend to follow British English, while others may follow American English or a mixture of the two.

[edit] Background

English is one of the official languages in Hong Kong, and is used in universities, business and the courts. All roads and government signs are bilingual and English is equally valid as Chinese on legal and business standings.

In contrast to Singapore, however, Hong Kong is a non-English speaking society as 95% of the population of the city is ethnic Chinese and use Chinese (either Cantonese, Hakka, or Mandarin) as their primary language. Most shops located in districts seldom frequented by foreign visitors have signs in Chinese only, and in locally-owned enterprises written communications are in English with all other work conducted in Chinese.

Under this backdrop most Hongkongers regard English as a foreign language, albeit a prestigious one, used primarily for formal communications, particularly in writing [1]. Unlike Singapore, exposure to English environment is extremely limited, one which has become increasingly even more so since the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997. In addition, only certain primary schools and secondary schools can now legally use English as the medium of instruction in the current Hong Kong. Nonetheless, being able to use English flawlessly has a high level of prestige attached and most of the Hongkongers fluent in English are regarded as part of the elite class.

People with higher education, past experience of living in English-speaking countries, or who constantly interact with Hong Kong's English-speaking expatriate communities, generally speak an acquired form of English modelled on Received Pronunciation, with American English influences. For most ordinary local Hongkongers however, the English spoken is generally typical of foreign language learners: Cantonese-influenced pronunciation with some acquired Received Pronunciation characteristics, and vocabularies and sentence structure more formal than those of native speakers. For example, contractions and slang are not used, and many idioms are alien to Hongkongers as they pertain to English-speaking countries' cultures.

The language proficiency of some local non-native English teachers has come under criticism^{[citation needed]}. In response, the education bureau has required English teachers without English language undergraduate degrees to submit to an assessment, called "LPAT", to ensure their English was of sufficiently high calibre. Those failing LPAT are no longer permitted to teach English. Unless hired by the government, even native English speakers were to undergo LPAT screening. Some opted to retire to avoid the LPAT process^{[citation needed]}, while many others failed the test^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Spoken characteristics

[edit] Voicing of Consonant

• Consonants in Cantonese is all voiceless except nasals and approximants, as a result, /d/, /z/, /dʒ/ is read like /t/(unaspirated), /s/, /tʃ/(unaspirated), for example.

[edit] R

• Like British English, Hong Kong English is non-rhotic, which means 'r' is not pronounced except before a vowel. However, with the influence of American programmes shown in TV, young people in Hong Kong started to pronounce the 'r' sound.
• 'wh' read as 'w', as in British English.

[edit] V

• Some people read 'v' as 'w' or 'f' sound. (eg. 'Vector' and 'Aston Villa'; 'Vince' is read as "Whince")
• Other 'v' becomes 'w' or 'f' mostly with a consensus yet no obvious pattern. (eg. 'f' in 'favour', second 'v' in 'Volvo' and either 'f' or 'w' in 'develop' depending on the speaker.)
• Many Chinese people cannot pronounce 'v' as native English speakers do, because the 'v' sound has no equivalent in Cantonese or Mandarin

[edit] N/L

• Often 'n' is changing to 'l'; in the Hong Kong Cantonese language, many people also mix up the initials /n/ and /l/. The correct pronunciation for 女 (Jyutping neoi5) meaning lady/female/woman is /nɵy/ but is often pronounced as /lɵy/.
• Nasals in English is stronger than that in Cantonese.
• l-vocalization is common: ending 'l' (Dark L)(IPA: [ɫ]) often pronounced as 'w', as in Polish, e.g. "bell" --> /bew/, "milk" --> /miwk/. This /w/ is sometimes strengthened and becomes like /o/ (e.g., sale becomes SAY-o)

[edit] J/G

• Beginning 'j' and soft 'g' read as 'dz'[ts] (e.g., Gigi pronounced as "zhi-zhi"), but this is not a common mistake.

[edit] æ/ɛ

• Merging of /æ/ and /ɛ/ to /ɛ/. eg. 'bad' and 'bed', 'mass' and 'mess'.

[edit] Z

• The letter “z” is generally pronounced as [jiˈsɛt̚], a corrupted version (due to various of the above-mentioned reasons) of a very archaic pronunciation /ɪˈzæd/; the correct pronunciations, /zɛd/ (used in UK and most of the Commonwealth nations) and /zi:/ (used in USA), are not understood by some.

[edit] Intonation

• Multi-syllable words are often differently stressed. e.g. "Edu'cation" may be pronounced as "'Ed 'cation" since Chinese is tonal.
• Omission of entire syllables in longer words. ('Difference' become DIFF-ENS, 'temperature' becomes TEM-PI-CHUR.)
• Words beginning with unstressed syllables 'con' are generally pronounced as its stressed form /kawn/ with a lower pitch, e.g. 'connection', 'consent', 'condition'. Words beginning with stressed syllable 'com-' e.g. 'competition', 'common' and 'compromise' are pronounced as /kahm/.

[edit] Others

• When speaking English, many people tend to assign one of the six tones (or nine, if entering tones are included) of the Cantonese language to English sentences, giving it a Cantonese style.
• Exaggeration of certain final consonants, for example 's' (to /si/) and 'd' sounds of past-tense form of verbs (to [tət̚]).
• Differences or omission in ending sounds. (as the ending consonants are always voiceless and unreleased (glotallized) in Cantonese with the exception of 'm', 'n' and 'ng', similar to Basel German)
• Producing the 'w', 'h' or 'l' sounds in words like Greenwich, Bonham, Beckham, and is reflected in the transliteration of the words, for example, Beckham is transliterated as 碧咸 (pronounced as /bik-ha:m/).
• Merging the contrast of voiceless / voiced consonants with aspirated / unaspirated if any contrast exists in Cantonese. The stop [p] becomes [pʰ] and [b] becomes [p]; [t] becomes [tʰ] and [d] becomes [t]; [k] becomes [kʰ] and [g] becomes [k].
• Merging voiceless / voiced consonants into voiceless if there is no contrast in aspirated / unaspirated in Cantonese. Both [f] and [v] become [f]; both [z] and [s] become [s]; both [tʃ] and [dʒ] become [tʃ] ; both [ʃ] and [ʒ] become [ʃ]; both [θ] and [ð] become [θ] ( difficulty in pronouncing [θ] and [ð] too).
• Confusion between homographs (words with the same spelling but different meanings), e.g. the noun "resume" (c.v.) and the verb "resume" (to continue).

[edit] Grammar

• Omitting articles like "the" and "a".
• Contractions such as "aren't" are almost never used even in conversations, as much of use of English for most Hong Kongers are for formal writings.
• Confusion with verb tenses and agreement of singular or plural nouns, as they have no direct equivalents in Cantonese grammar
• Use of prepositions: "on", "in" and "at" are often interchangeable.
• Yes/No confusion: In Cantonese, "yes" represents an agreement, "no" represents a disagreement, whilst in English "yes" represents a positive answer, "no" represents a negative answer. For example: "She isn't pretty, is she?" might attract the answer "No" when the native Cantonese speaker means "I disagree, in my opinion she is pretty".
• "There is/are" becomes "there has/have", a direct translation.
• Often uses commas where full stops should be used since sentences could be linked with commas in Chinese.
• Plural forms: there are no plural forms in Chinese, so plural and singular forms tend to be confused.
• "Actually" is used much more frequently than in standard English, as would the equivalent Cantonese "keih sat" (其實).

[edit] Numbers

• 10,000: Numbers larger than ten thousand. In Chinese, 10 thousand is read as one myriad, 100 thousand as 10 myriad, one million as 100 myriad.
• Fractions: "three over four" (or three fourth) may wrongly be taken as "four over three". In Chinese, the denominator is read before the numerator. For example, three-fourths in Chinese is "四分之三", literally "out of four portions, three".
• Discount: the Chinese way of saying 10% off is "90% of the original price".

[edit] American/ British

This is the entrance of the shopping mall "New World Centre" in Hong Kong. Note the UK spelling of the word "Centre" (instead of "Center").

A screen showing financial news at The Center, an office complex in Central. Note the American spelling of the word "center" in the name of the complex.

• Both British and American spellings are in common use with the British variant pre-dominating in official circles.
• When referring to the same thing, British vocabulary is more commonly used. For example, rubbish bin, instead of garbage can.

[edit] Variant

• end-word: In informal conversation like instant messengers, final sentence particles or interjections of Cantonese origin such as ar, la, lu, ma and wor'—many of these being “flavouring particles”—are used at the ends of English sentences.
• "I've eaten dinner lu" (“I've had dinner”—“lu” /lu₃₃/ indicates a perfect aspect and makes the sentence more informal)
• "I go la/lah, bye" (“I'm leaving, bye!”—“la” /la₃₃/ indicates intent and makes the sentence more informal)

[edit] Hong Kong Vocabulary

Parts of the vocabularies in Hong Kong English are taken from Chinese, Anglo-Indian or Portuguese/Macanese.

• A 'chop' is a seal or stamp, e.g. a "Company chop" is the seal or stamp of a corporation
• Although the adjective cool in other part of the world is an expression of admiration or approval, in Hong Kong cool (especially when the word is put in a Chinese sentence) is often used to describe people whose behaviour is arrogant and reserved.
• 'Hong Kong foot' is a literal translation of the Chinese slang term "香港腳" for athlete's foot.
• "K.O." can be used as a verb, such as "Somebody K.O.s somebody", to mean that somebody beats or defeats somebody in a competition.
• A Tai-Pan (or 'taipan') is a business executive of a large corporation
• An amah is a live-in servant (from Macanese/Portuguese- ama nurse).
• "Open the door, see the mountain" is a direct translation of the Chinese phrase "開門見山", which roughly means "go straight to the point" in a conversation.
• "People Mountain, People Sea" is a direct translation of the Chinese phrase "人山人海", which is used to describe a crowded place. See also the record company People Mountain People Sea.
• A 'Shroff' is a pay station in a hospital or a car park.
• A 'body check' is a medical checkup, not a contact with an opponent from the front.
• "Outlook" is often (mis)understood as "appearance".

[edit] See also

• Education in Hong Kong
• Chinese Pidgin English
• Chinglish
• Singlish
• Languages of Hong Kong
• Phonemic differentiation
• Regional accents of English speakers