History of Southampton

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Southampton is a port city in Hampshire, England. Its history has been affected by its physical geographical location, on a major estuary on the English Channel coast with an unusual double high-tide; and by its proximity to Winchester and London, the ancient and modern capitals of England. The area has been settled since the stone age, and became an important port in medieval times. As an industrial and military city it was severely damaged in World War II[1][2]. The industrial revolution, post-war re-development and the need to accommodate 20th century innovations such as the Motor car has significantly altered its character.

Contents

[edit] Prehistoric times

Numerous gravel pits have been dug in the Southampton area, many of which have yielded Stone Age tools[3]. Evidence of a Stone Age settlement has been found at Priory Avenue, St Denys[3]

Bronze Age objects have been found on Southampton Common[3] , particularly by grave-diggers working in the cemetery and during the construction of the reservoir[3]. Further Bronze Age finds have been made near Cobden Bridge[3].

Iron Age earthworks have been found at Lordswood and Aldermoor[3] and evidence of Iron Age buildings has been found in the City Centre[3].

[edit] Roman occupation (43-410 AD)

Road map of Roman Britain
Road map of Roman Britain

Antonine Itinerary VII[4] documents the Roman settlement of Clausentum in Roman Britain as being 20 miles West of Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester)[4] and 10 miles from Venta Belgarum (Winchester)[4].

Around 1770[5], John Speed[5] claimed that Clausentum was in the area that is now known as Bitterne Manor[5][6]. In 1792[5], Rev. Richard Warner[5] investigated those claims and found a ditch and a bank and some Roman coins[5][7]. Since then, this site has been investigated further and is generally accepted as the site of Clausentum[5], but it isn't universal agreement[5]. Reference to modern maps show Bitterne Manor to be 25 miles from Chichester. Wickham is at the junction of two Roman Roads and is a better fit to the distances documented in Antonine Itinerary VII[4]. The case for Clausentum being situated at Bitterne Manor is based on archeological evidence[2] and the geography of the site which clearly allowed it to be turned into a good defensive position [2].

But the fact that there was a Roman settlement at what is now Bitterne Manor isn't disputed[2]. Archaeolgical finds at what is believed to be Clausentum show the site to be an important trading port with some significant buildings[2]. Traces of a Roman Road on a line running from Bitterne Manor to Wickham have also been found[2].

The Romans abandoned the settlement circa 410, when Roman Britain ended.

[edit] Anglo Saxon period (400-1066)

The Anglo-Saxons moved the centre of the town across the River Itchen to what is now the St Mary's area. The settlement was known as Hamwic[8] and or Hamtun, the two names co-existed and described the same area but were used in different contexts[9]. By the middle of the 11th century the area is described as South Hamtun by Anglo Saxon Chroniclers[9]

Excavations have revealed a section of the street plan of Hamwic[10] and uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artifacts in Europe[3]. These collectively show that Hamwic was a planned town[10], that it became an important port trading with continent[11] and that it was a centre of Royal administration[9]. Hamwic was the site of the Royal Mint for several Anglo Saxon Kings (AD 786-858) until it was moved to Winchester later in the 9th Century[12].

[edit] Vikings (700-1066)

Vikings raids on Southampton disrupted trade with the continent and contributed to the re-organisation of Wessex[12]. Important industries that were previously well established in Hamwic were withdrawn further inland to the new fortifications at Winchester[12], contributing to the decline of Hamwic.

Archeological evidence shows evidence of 10th century settlements and a defended enclosure in what was later to become the Medieval walled town[13].

The Viking King Canute the Great is defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Ethelred the Unready in 1014 and was crowned in Southampton[13]. His fabled attempt to "command" the tide to halt may have taken place in Southampton.[14]

[edit] Normans (1066-1154)

Southamptons prosperity was assured following the Norman Conquest in 1066, when it became the major port of transit between Winchester (the capital of England until the early 12th Century) and Normandy.

The Domesday Book indicates that Southampton already had distinct French and English quarters at the time of the Norman Conquest[13] and that the King owned a number of properties upon which rent was payable[13].

[edit] Medieval period (1154-1485)

The medieval city wall
The medieval city wall

Henry II, the first King of the House of Plantagenet, was a regular visitor to Southampton and established Southampton Castle[15] The Castle was principally used to store the Kings Wine[16] . Surviving remains of 12th Century merchants houses such as King Johns House and Canutes Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time[17] Archeological excavations have revealed evidence of other houses of similar stature[17].

By the 13th century, Southampton had become a leading port and was particularly involved in the trade of French Wine and English Wool[16].

The Wool House was built in 1417 as a warehouse for the medieval wool trade with Flanders and Italy. This building is today used as the Maritime Museum, and can be found near Town Quay. It includes an exhibition concerning the RMS Titanic.

Bowls was first played regularly on the Southampton Old Bowling Green adjacent to God's House Hospital in 1299. It is the world's oldest surviving bowling green.

The town was sacked in 1338 by the French, including the pirate Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco[18]. After this attack, the city's walls - part of which dates from 1175[19] - were extensively added to and reinforced.[20] A large part of the town's walls remain today.[21]

Lacking proper finance for the construction of a full defensive wall, the townsfolk reached a compromise solution, which involved joining the existing exterior walls of existing merchant houses together to form part of the defensive structure. The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England[22]. Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board.[23] Today, it is open as the Museum of Archaeology.

The walls were finally completed in the 15th century.[24]

In 1348, the Black Death reached England[25] via the merchant vessels that regularly visited Southampton at that time.

The 12th century Red Lion pub on the High Street below the Bargate within the old walls is where in 1415, immediately prior to King Henry V of England's departure from Southampton to the Battle of Agincourt, the ringleaders of the 'Southampton Plot', Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton, were tried and found guilty of high treason, before being summarily executed outside the Bargate.

During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an increasingly important industry, which was to remain for centuries to come. The city became a county corporate in 1447.

[edit] Tudor period (1485 -1603)

Southamptons Tudor house museum otherwise known as Huttofts or Lady Ann Guidotti's House was built in 1495 for Sir John Dawtry[26]. It has formerly been a family home, an artist's studio and housed businesses including a dye-house and a bookbinder. It is now a museum but is currently closed for refurbishment. It is hoped it will reopen in 2011.[1]

Southamptons economic fortunes fluctuated during the Tudor period[2]. From 1492 to 1531, all exports of tin and lead were required to pass through Southampton[27]. Trade with the Channel Islands increased[27]. In 1554 Southampton was granted a monopoly on the export of wool to the Mediterranean and on the import of sweet wine[27]. At other times during this period, the port was in decline, mainly because trade was shifting to London[27]. Southampton was also a convenient port for the buccaneers that plundered Spanish ships in the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean[27].

Development of Hurst, Calshot, Cowes and Netley castles along Southampton Water and the Solent, by Henry VIII approx 1540, meant that Southampton was no longer so dependent upon its fortifications[28]

In 1553, the Free Grammar School of the Mayor Baliffs and Burgesses of the Towne and County of Southampton was granted letters patent by King Edward VI, establishing the new school and thus fulfilling the legacy ofWilliam Capon who left money for that purpose in his will[29]. The schools survives as King Edward VI School, Southampton.

[edit] Stuart period (1603 -1714)

The port was the original point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1623.[30]. A memorial can be found on Town Quay. Since that time it has been the last port of call for millions of emigrants who left the Old World to start a new life in the USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and other parts of the world.

In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton[31], initially to defend against sea-borne attack from Royalist ships[31]. A Royalist army advanced as far as Redbridge in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town[31] by Colonel Richard Norton. The Battle of Cheriton, also in March 1644, subsequently removed the threat to Southampton[31].

In June 1664[32], the Black Death returned to Southampton. This new Plague seriously disrupted normal way of life in Southampton and led the Corporation to report that it was unable to continue Governing the town[32]. By the time the epidemic ended in November 1666, 1700 people had died[32].

Isaac Watts the younger, born in Southampton in 1674[32] wrote the words of the hymn O God Our Help In Ages Past. His early education was at the Free Grammar School[32]. He was a member of the Above Bar Independent Community[32]. This non-conformist community was persecuted[32] following the Act of Uniformity of 1662. Isaac Watts father, also named Isaac sufferred periods of imprisonment in the Bargate[32]

[edit] Georgian era (1714-1795)

[edit] Fashionable Spa Town

Southampton became a Spa Town in 1740[33], thanks to the discovery of a spring of Chalybeate water [33]. The area was laid out as Spa gardens[33] and earned Royal Patronage[33]. That further encouraged fashionable society to Southampton[33] and aided its properity and development.

Southampton had also become a popular site for Sea Bathing by the 1760s[34], despite the lack of a good quality beach[34]. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay[34]., with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide[34], one of which had an adjustable floor[34]. The building, known as the Long Rooms, had a long Promenade with views over the water to be enjoyed by spectators and bathers alike[34].

[edit] Polygon

The Polygon was an 18th century residential and commercial development designed in 1768[35] by James Leroux[35] which was aimed at Southamptons fashionable clientele. It was intended to be development of 12 residential houses[35], with a hotel, shops, an Assembly room and an ornamental lake[35]. Three houses and the hotel were completed by 1773[35], but the scheme had financial problems it was never completed[35]. The buildings have since been demolished[35].

[edit] Coaching

The fashionable attractions of the town caused coaching traffic to increase[36]. Several Coaching Inns were established in Southampton[36] and there was a great deal of competition for passengers and guests[36]. The Coaching trade continued until it was rendered obsolete by the arrival of the railways[37]

[edit] Canals

There was a great deal of interest in constructing canals, though this was only partially implemented[38].

In 1774, a canal between Eling and Salisbury was proposed[38], but wasn't built. In 1779 a canal linking Southampton (at Redbridge) to Andover was proposed[38].

The Redbridge to Andover canal was completed in 1796[38]. In 1792, the proposal to link Southampton and Salisbury by canal gained new momentum[38]. The plan was to build a new canal from Salisbury to connect with the Andover to Southampton canal at Kimbridge[38]. The canal would then be extended from Redbridge into the centre of Southampton, passing through a tunnel under the Marlands[38], branching at Houndwell to serve both Northam and Town Quay[38]. The tunnel was started but never completed[38]

[edit] Regency period (1795-1837)

For centuries, the only crossings of the river Itchen in this area were at Mansbridge, some distance upstream of Southampton, and at Itchen Ferry village[39]. The Northam Bridge Company was formed in 1796[39]. They built a toll bridge at Northam which was opened in September 1799[39] and new roads connecting the bridge to Southampton and Botley, Hampshire. The town was further connected to Portsmouth via another toll bridge built at Bursledon[39] and another road which linked Bursledon bridge to the new Northam to Botley road at Bitterne[39].

The Floating Bridge also connected Southampton to Woolston and Portsmouth on the east bank of the River Itchen in 1836[40].

Southampton was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and contained the parishes of All Saints, Holy Rood, St John, St Lawrence, St Mary, St Michael, and part of South Stoneham.

The painter John Everett Millais was born in the city in 1829. Southampton Solent University's art gallery is named Millais Gallery in his honour.[41]

[edit] Victorian era (1837-1901)

Southampton High Street in 1839.
Southampton High Street in 1839.

There was competition between the two toll companies at Northam and Itchen[40][42], resulting in another new road[42] on the east of the Itchen, connecting Woolston to Botley via Sholing and Hedge End[42].

The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era[43]. The Southampton Docks company was formed in 1835[44]. In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid[44]. The first dock opened on 29th August 1842[44]. The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company operated its services from Southampton, officially designating the port as the packet station in May 1843[45]. The structural and economic development of the docks continued for the next few decades[2].

The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840[44], though it had been operating as far as Basingstoke since June 1839[44]. In 1866, a branch line extended the railways over the River Itchen at St. Denys, passing through Bitterne and Woolston to Netley[46]. This created further competition for the Floating Bridge company[40]

With good transport links, Southampton became the emigrant station for North America and Canada in January 1844[47]. The Southampton Emigration and Shipping Company was formed in 1846[47]. Southampton subsequently became became known as The Gateway to the Empire, with many emigrants passing through Southampton to start a new life in the United States and Canada, South Africa and Australia[47].

The town became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. In 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, the part of South Stoneham within the borough became the parish of Portswood, and in 1895 the parish of Shirley was added.

[edit] Edwardian period (1901-1914)

[edit] The Titanic disaster

In common with most of the luxury liners of the time,[48] the RMS Titanic sailed from here.[49] Most of crew came from Southampton; 549 Sotonians died in the sinking. The Maritime museum in the old Wool House includes an exhibition related to the vessel.

[edit] World War I (1914-1918)

Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation Port in August 1914[50]. Much of Southampton Common was taken over by the military[50]. A total of 8,149,685[50] troops and their equipment departed for mainland Europe through the port[50]. A steady flow of Refugees, POWs and a total of 1,177,125 wounded came back to England through Southampton[50].

[edit] Interwar period (1918-1939)

In 1919, soldiers returning from World War I mutinied in the port of Southampton.

In 1920, Bitterne Parish Council and Itchen Urban District Council , which collectively covered the districts of Bitterne, Bitterne Manor, Bitterne Park, Woolston, Peartree Green, Sholing and Weston were incorporated into the borough of Southampton[51] Basset and Swaythling were incorported into Southampton at the same time[51].

Above Bar Southampton, 1926

High Street Southampton, circa 1930

Clock Tower in its original location, Above Bar Southampton, circa 1930

High Street Southampton, circa 1930, showing the Gaiety cinema

[edit] World War II (1939-1945)

The Second World War hit Southampton particularly hard. Pockets of Georgian architecture remain, but much of the city was levelled during the Blitz of November 1940. 476 tons of bombs were dropped on Southampton by the Luftwaffe[52]

Southampton was a prime target for the Luftwaffe because of its general strategic importance as a major port and industrial area, and particularly because the Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed and built in Southampton.

On Sept 24th 1940, the Supermarine factory in Woolston was bombed, killing many though not damaging the factory. Two days later, the factory was destroyed by heavy bombing.

The accuracy of the locally-based Ordnance Survey's maps did not go unrecognised by the Luftwaffe: the German bomber pilots used them to bomb Southampton.[53] One building that survived the bombings was Southampton's oldest, St. Michaels Church. The spire was an important navigation aid for the German pilots and consequently they were ordered to avoid bombing it.[54].

There were 1605 air raid warnings[52] in Southampton, with the last raid occurring on 5th November 1944[52]. Only one flying bomb fell within the boundaries of Southampton [52], at Sholing on 12th July 1944[52].

[edit] Post War (1945-2000)

A road map of Southampton from 1948
A road map of Southampton from 1948

In 1967 it took in part of the Nursling and Rownhams parishes added. The boundaries have been largely unchanged since then, despite the loss of county borough status under the Local Government Act 1972, and subsequent regaining of unitary authority status with the Banham Review.

Southampton was awarded city status in 1964 by Letters Patent.[55] In the local government revision of 1996, Southampton became a unitary authority, administratively independent from Hampshire.

As a result of the Local Government Commission for England (1992), Southampton became a unitary authority in 1997.

[edit] 21st Century (2001 on)

Southampton is still an important ocean liner port frequented by luxury ships such as the RMS QE2, the MV Oriana, and most recently the Queen Mary 2 and RMS Queen Victoria.


[edit] Memorials

The Cenotaph
The Cenotaph
The memorial to the engineers of the RMS Titanic.
The memorial to the engineers of the RMS Titanic.

[edit] The Cenotaph

The city is home to Sir Edwin Lutyens' first permanent cenotaph, which was the basis for his design of the memorial in Whitehall, London.[56] a memorial to the city's dead of World War I. When it was unveiled on 6 November 1920, it was 1800 names, later raised to 2008. It can be found in West (Watts) Park, opposite the Titanic memorial.

[edit] Titanic

A memorial to the engineers of the Titanic may be found in Andrews Park, on Above Bar Street. There is a memorial to the musicians who played on the Titanic just opposite the main memorial.

[edit] Isaac Watts

The Watts memorial in the city's West Park, also known as the Watts Park, was unveiled in 1861. The melody of his famous Hymn, "O God our help in Ages Past" can be heard when the Civic Centre clock chimes[32] and serves as a further memorial.

[edit] Places of Worship (past & present)

[edit] St Michaels Church

St Michaels Church is thought to have been commenced in 1070,[57] the building has been added to many times over the centuries but its central tower dates from Norman times.

[edit] Aviation history

[edit] Supermarine

The Spitfire was developed and initially manufactured in the suburb of Woolston. Its designer, Reginald Mitchell, grew up in Stoke-on-Trent, then had a house in Russell Place in the suburb of Highfield near the university (now identified by a memorial plaque). The plane was a direct descendant of experimental aircraft built by Supermarine that competed in the Schneider Trophy in the 1930s. Supermarine was taken over by Vickers in 1928. Mitchell's short life is documented in the film The First of the Few.

[edit] Other

There were many aircraft companies based around Hamble, to the east of the city, from the 1930s to 1950s, including Folland Aviation, started by Henry P Folland, the former chief designer of Gloster Aircraft. Folland was taken over by Hawker Siddeley in 1960, and later as British Aerospace, the factory built the Hawk and Harrier. The history of the area's contribution to aviation is celebrated at the Southampton Hall of Aviation, near Itchen Bridge, and opposite the erstwhile site of the Woolston Supermarine factory. BOAC had a flying boat base in the docks serving British colonial possessions in Africa and Asia in the 1930s and 1940s. It closed in 1950 when land based aircraft became dominant. Nearby, Calshot Spit was a base for the military flying boat services.

[edit] Shipbuilding History

[edit] Vosper Thornycroft

See also: Woolston, Hampshire

The John I. Thornycroft & Company shipyard was the major employer in Woolston from 1904 to 2004[1]. The yard built and repaired many ships for the Royal Navy and was particularly busy during the two World Wars of the 20th Century[58]. John I. Thornycroft & Company merged with Vosper & Co. in 1966 to become Vosper Thornycroft[1]. Subsequently renamed VT Group, the yard closed in 2004 when the business relocated to Portsmouth[1].

[edit] Transport History

[edit] Floating Bridge

See also: Woolston ferry
The Floating Bridge in June 1977
The Floating Bridge in June 1977

The Floating Bridge was opened 1836[59] and connected Southampton to Woolston. At that time Woolston was a a separate village on the East Bank of the River Itchen, it did not become part of Southampton until 1920[1]. Originally owned by a private company, the Floating Bridge was purchased by Southampton Corporation 1934[60]. This service continued until 1977 when the Itchen Bridge was opened[61].

[edit] Trams

See also: Southampton Corporation Tramways
Southampton Corporation tram decorated for the Duke of Yorks visit to Southampton in July 1930
Southampton Corporation tram decorated for the Duke of Yorks visit to Southampton in July 1930

Horse drawn trams appeared in Southampton in 1879[46]. Electrified trams were introduced in 1900[62]. Some specially designed trams had unique rounded roofs which allowed them to pass through the centre arch of the Bargate[63] Southamptons trams were gradually taken out of service during 1948 and 1949, with the final tram running on 31st December 1949[64]

[edit] External Links

Southampton Museum of Archeology

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e The Illustrated history of Southampton's Suburbs. Jim Brown. 2004. ISBN 1 85983 405 1
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Southampton museum of Archeology. Gods House Tower, Southampton.
  4. ^ a b c d Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp19
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp13
  6. ^ History and Antiquity of Southampton. John Speed. Circa 1770
  7. ^ Attempt to Ascertain the Situation of the Ancient Clausentum. Rev Richard Warner. 1792
  8. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp22
  9. ^ a b c Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp25-26
  10. ^ a b Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp23
  11. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp27
  12. ^ a b c Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp30
  13. ^ a b c d Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp31
  14. ^ About Britain. Southampton Tourist Information. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
  15. ^ .Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-9-3852-95-0. pp32-33
  16. ^ a b .Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-9-3852-95-0. pp39
  17. ^ a b Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp34
  18. ^ OAG Travel Information: Southampton Tours. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. “these western walls were constructed after the French Raid of 1338, when invading pirates (led by Grimaldi, who founded Monaco with Southampton's silver) murdered anyone they saw - man, woman or child.”
  19. ^ Recommended Southampton Tours. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
  20. ^ God's House Tower: A History of the Museum. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  21. ^ Medieveal Southampton. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  22. ^ 24 hour museum: God's House Tower Museum of Archaeology, Southampton Accessed 1st August 2007
  23. ^ God's House Tower: A History of the Museum. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  24. ^ Medieveal Southampton. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  25. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp45
  26. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp58
  27. ^ a b c d e Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp61-62
  28. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp59-60
  29. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp63
  30. ^ Recommended Southampton Tours. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
  31. ^ a b c d Southampton. An illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0.pp71-72
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp72-73
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  37. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp121
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  41. ^ http://millais.solent.ac.uk/ - Retrieved 2004-04-08
  42. ^ a b c The Changing Face of Hedge End. Joyce B Blyth
  43. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986 ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp106
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  45. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp105
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  48. ^ Post-Medieval Southampton. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  49. ^ Recommended Southampton Tours. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
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  51. ^ a b .Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. 1986. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp151
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  53. ^ Webnet Southampton. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
  54. ^ http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,120885/206/record.html?event_name=&display=1 - Retrieved 2004-04-08
  55. ^ City Status for Southampton. The Times. February 12, 1964.
  56. ^ World War II Trail. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
  57. ^ http://www.hants.org.uk/sotoncitycentreparish/stmichael.htm - Retrieved 2004-04-08
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  61. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp183
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  63. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp154.
  64. ^ Southampton. An Illustrated History. Adrian Rance. ISBN 0-903852-95-0. pp177