Heth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| ← Zayin Heth Teth → | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoenician | Hebrew | Aramaic | Syriac | Arabic |
 |
ח |  |
ܚ | ﺣ,ﺡ |
| Phonemic representation: | ħ / χ / x | |||
| Position in alphabet: | 8 | |||
| Numerical (Gematria/Abjad) value: | 8 | |||
Ḥet or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician ḥēth 
, Syriac ḥēth ܚ, Hebrew chet (also khet) ח, Arabic ḥāʼ ح (in abjadi order), and Berber 
.
Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either pharyngeal /ħ/, or velar /x/ (the two Proto-Semitic phonemes having merged in Canaanite). In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ḥāʼ ح represents /ħ/, while ḫāʼ ﺥ represents /x/.
In modern Israeli Hebrew, the historical phonemes of the letters Ḥet ח (/ħ/) and Khaf כ (/x/) merged, both becoming the Voiceless uvular fricative ([χ]).
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Eta (Η), Etruscan 
𐌇, Latin H and Cyrillic И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent vowel sounds.
Contents |
[edit] Origins
| Phoenician alphabet (ca. 1050–200 BCE) |
| 𐤀 𐤁 𐤂 𐤃 𐤄 𐤅 |
| 𐤆 𐤇 𐤈 𐤉 𐤊 𐤋 |
| 𐤌 𐤍 𐤎 𐤏 𐤐 |
| 𐤑 𐤒 𐤓 𐤔 𐤕 |
| Semitic abjads · Genealogy |
| Hebrew alphabet (1000 BCE–present) |
| א ב ג ד ה ו |
| ז ח ט י כך |
| ל מם נן ס ע פף |
| צץ ק ר ש ת |
| History · Transliteration Niqqud · Dagesh · Gematria Cantillation · Numeration |
| Syriac alphabet (200 BCE–present) |
| ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ |
| ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟܟ ܠ |
| ܡܡ ܢܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ |
| ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ |
| Arabic alphabet (400 CE–present) |
| ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ |
| ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ س |
| ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ |
| ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻝ |
| ﻡ ﻥ ه ﻭ ﻱ |
| History · Transliteration Diacritics · Hamza ء Numerals · Numeration |
The letter shape ultimately goes back to a hieroglyph for "courtyard",
|
(possibly named ḥasir in the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, while the name goes rather back to ḫayt, the name reconstructed for a letter derived from a hieroglyph for "thread",
|
The corresponding South Arabian letters are 
ḥ and 
ḫ, corresponding to Ge'ez Ḥauṭ ሐ and Ḫarm ኀ.
[edit] Hebrew Chet
| Orthographic variants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Various Print Fonts | Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi Script |
||
| Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | ||
| ח | ח | ח |  |
 |
[edit] Pronunciation
In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the letter Khet usually has the sound value of a voiceless uvular fricative (/χ/), due to European influence. It may also be pronounced as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative (/ħ/) among Mizrahim (especially among the older generation and popular Mizrahi singers), in accordance with oriental Jewish traditions.
Chet is one of three letters that can take a vowel at the end of a word. Normally, the vowel is patach gnuva, and when it comes under Chet at the end of a word, the combination is pronounced /αx/ rather than /xα/.
[edit] Variations
Chet, along with Aleph, Ayin, Resh, and He, cannot receive a dagesh. As pharyngeal fricatives are difficult for most English speakers to pronounce, loanwords are usually Anglicized to have /h/. Thus challah (חלה), pronounced by native Hebrew speakers as /xala/ or /ħala/ is pronounced /halə/ by most English speakers, who cannot often perceive the difference between [h] and [ħ].
[edit] Significance
In gematria, Chet represents the number eight, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 8000 (i.e. חתשנד in numbers would be the date 8754).
In chat rooms and online forums, the letter Chet repeated denotes laughter, similar to the English LOL.
[edit] Arabic ḥa
The letter is named ḥa, and is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:
| Position in word: | Isolated | Initial | Medial | Final |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form of letter: | ح | حـ | ـحـ | ـح |
The ability to pronounce ḥa as IPA: [ħ] is often used as a shibboleth to distinguish Arabic-speakers from non-Arabic-speakers; in particular, pronunciation of the letter as a voiceless velar fricative IPA: [x] is seen as a hallmark of Ashkenazi Jews and Greeks.
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