Free State of Prussia
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The Free State of Prussia (German: Freistaat Preußen) was a German state formed after the abolition of the Kingdom of Prussia in the aftermath of World War I. It was the major state of Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic, comprising almost five-eighths of its territory and population.[1] Free State is a German term for Republic that was coined in contrast to the Latin term, which was associated with the enemy France in the minds of many Germans of that time. The democratic Free State of Prussia was rendered incapacitated, when taken over by coup in 1932/33 and Otto Braun taken out of office. His government went to court over this ouster and after the end of war Otto Braun approached US officials to reinstate the legal Prussian government. They and the other Allied Occupation forces, who had taken up occupation of all of Germany were not interested and declared Prussia abolished in 1947.
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[edit] History
[edit] 1918: Aftermath of World War I
Except for its overseas colonies and Alsace-Lorraine, all German territorial losses as a result of World War I were Prussian losses. As specified in the Treaty of Versailles, the former kingdom lost territory to Belgium (Eupen and Malmedy), Denmark (North Schleswig), Lithuania (Memel Territory), Czechoslovakia (Hultschin area) and France (most of the Saargebiet). The Rhine Province became a demilitarised zone.
The bulk of Prussia’s losses were to Poland, including most of the provinces of Posen and West Prussia, and an eastern section of Siliesia. Danzig was placed under the administration of the League of Nations as the Free City of Danzig. These losses separated East Prussia from the rest of the country, now only accessible by rail through the Polish corridor or by sea.
Since it contained so much of Germany's area and population, the government initially considered breaking Prussia up into smaller and more manageable states, but eventually traditionalist sentiment prevailed and Prussia continued unchanged, apart from its territorial losses.
[edit] 1918-32: Democratic bastion
The restrictive Prussian three-class franchise was abolished shortly after Kaiser William II abdicated. As a result, Prussia became a stronghold of the left. Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area — both with working-class majorities — ensured left-wing dominance.
From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the Social Democrats, Catholic Centre, and German Democrats; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the German People's Party. Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some industrial areas, the National Socialist German Workers Party (or Nazi Party) of Adolf Hitler gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class.
The East Prussian Otto Braun, who was Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932, is considered one of the most capable Social Democrats in history. He implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior, Carl Severing, which were also models for the later Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). For instance, a Prussian minister-president could be forced out of office only if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the constructive vote of no confidence, was carried over into the Basic Law of the FRG. Largely because of this provision, the centre-left coalition was able to stay in office because neither the far left nor the far right could possibly put together a majority.
In marked contrast to its prewar authoritarianism, Prussia was a pillar of democracy in the Weimar Republic. Most historians regard the Prussian government during this time as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole.
[edit] 1932: Prussian coup
All of this changed on 20 July 1932 with the Preußenschlag ("Prussian coup"), where Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen unseated the democratic Free State of Prussia government under Otto Braun under the pretext that it had lost control of public order. This was triggered by a shootout between SA demonstrators and communists in Altona, Hamburg (Altonaer Bloody Sunday; Altona was still a part of Prussia at that time). After this emergency decree, Papen appointed himself Reich Commissioner for Prussia and took control of the government. This made it easy for Adolf Hitler to assume control over Prussia in the following year.
[edit] 1933-1945: Prussia under Nazi rule
  History of Brandenburg and Prussia |
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| Northern March pre-12th century |
Old Prussians pre-13th century |
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| Margraviate of Brandenburg 1157–1618 (1806) |
Ordensstaat 1224–1525 |
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| Duchy of Prussia 1525–1618 |
Royal (Polish) Prussia 1466–1772 |
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| Brandenburg-Prussia 1618–1701 |
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| Kingdom in Prussia 1701–1772 |
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| Kingdom of Prussia 1772–1918 |
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| Free State of Prussia 1918–1947 |
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| Brandenburg 1947–1952 / 1990– |
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On 30 January 1933, Hitler had been appointed chancellor of Germany. As part of the deal, Papen was formally appointed minister-president of Prussia in addition to his role as Vice Chancellor of the Reich. In a little-noticed appointment, Hitler's top lieutenant Hermann Göring became the state's interior minister.
Four weeks later (27 February 1933), the Reichstag was set on fire. At Hitler's urging, President Paul von Hindenburg issued the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended civil liberties in Germany. Six days after the fire, the Reichstag election of March 5, 1933 strengthened the position of the Nazi Party, although they did not achieve an absolute majority. However, with their coalition partners, the German National People's Party, Hitler now commanded a bare majority in the Reichstag. Göring figured prominently in this election, as he was commander of the largest police force in the Reich. His police beat and harassed the other parties (especially the Communists and Social Democrats), and only allowed the Nazis and Nationalists to campaign relatively unmolested.
The new Reichstag was opened in the Garrison Church of Potsdam on March 21, 1933 in the presence of President Paul von Hindenburg, who had long since descended into senility. In a propaganda-filled meeting between Hitler and the NSDAP, the "marriage of old Prussia with young Germany" was celebrated, to win over the Prussian monarchists, conservatives, and nationalists and induce them to vote for the Enabling Act. The act was passed on 23 March 1933, legally granting Hitler dictatorial powers.
In April 1933, Papen was visiting the Vatican. The Nazis took advantage of his absence and appointed Göring in his place. With this act, Hitler was able to take power decisively in Germany, since he now had the whole apparatus of the Prussian government, including the police, at his disposal. By 1934 almost all Prussian ministries had been merged with the corresponding Reich ministries.
In the centralized state created by the Nazis in the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich ("Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reiches", 30 January 1934) and the "Law on Reich Governors" ("Reichsstatthaltergesetz", 30 January 1935) the States were dissolved, in fact if not in law. The federal state governments were now controlled by governors for the Reich who were appointed by the Chancellor. Parallel to that, the organization of the party into districts (Gau) gained increasing importance, as official in charge of a Gau (the infamous Gauleiter) was again appointed by the Chancellor who was at the same time chief of the NSDAP. Hitler appointed himself formally as Governor of Prussia, although his functions were exercised by Göring.
The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were reannexed during World War II. However, most of this territory was not reintegrated back into Prussia but assigned to separate Gaue of the Großdeutsches Reich.
[edit] 1945-1947: The end of Prussia
With the end of National Socialist rule in 1945 came the division of Germany into Zones of Occupation, and the transfer of control of everything east of the Oder-Neisse line to other states. As was the case after World War I all of this territory had been Prussian territory and most of it went to Poland (the northern third of East Prussia, including Königsberg, now Kaliningrad was annexed by the Soviet Union). The losses represented nearly two fifths of Prussian territory and nearly a quarter of territory within Germany's pre-1938 borders. An estimated ten million Germans fled or were expelled from these territories as part of the German exodus from Eastern Europe.
What remained of Prussia comprised both a little over half of the remaining German territory and a little over half of Prussia's pre-1914 territory. In Law #46 of 25 February 1947, the Allied Control Council formally proclaimed the dissolution of the Prussian state. [2] Although the Allies cited Prussia's history of militarism as their main justification for dissolving Prussia, its continued existence would have proven impractical following the onset of the Cold War and the enduring division of Germany that resulted from this development.
For the most part, Prussia's remaining territory would go on to be divided into new states with the borders of Prussia's old provinces often forming the basis for the new state borders. The East German government abolished the states within its borders in 1952 although they were re-established in 1990 prior to German re-unification.
[edit] Government
- See also: Elections in the Free State of Prussia
Unlike its authoritarian pre-war predecessor, Prussia was a promising democracy within Germany. The abolition of the aristocracy transformed Prussia into a region strongly dominated by the left wing of the political spectrum, with "Red Berlin" and the industrial centre of the Ruhr Area exerting a major influence. During this period, a coalition of centre-left parties ruled, predominantly under the leadership of East Prussian Social Democrat Otto Braun. While in office he implemented several reforms together with his Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing, which were also models for the later Federal Republic of Germany. For instance, a Prussian prime minister could only be forced out of office if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the constructive vote of no confidence, was carried over into the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Most historians regard the Prussian government during this time as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole.
Similar to other German states both now and at the time, executive power was continued to be vested in a Minister-President of Prussia and laws established by a Landtag elected by the people.
[edit] Minister-Presidents of the Free State of Prussia
| Name | Took Office | Left Office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Friedrich Ebert | 9 November 1918 | 11 November 1918 | SPD |
| 2 | Paul Hirsch | 11 November 1918 | 27 March 1920 | SPD |
| 3 | Otto Braun | 27 March 1920 | 21 April 1921 | SPD |
| 4 | Adam Stegerwald | 21 April 1921 | 5 November 1921 | Centre |
| - | Otto Braun (2nd term) | 5 November 1921 | 18 February 1925 | SPD |
| 5 | Wilhelm Marx | 18 February 1925 | 6 April 1925 | Centre |
| - | Otto Braun (3rd term) | 6 April 1925 | 20 July 1932 (ousted during the Preußenschlag) 30 January 1933 (formally deposed) |
SPD |
| Position suspended. Administered by the Reichskommissar |
20 July 1932 | 30 January 1933 | ||
| 6 | Franz von Papen | 30 January 1933 | 10 April 1933 | Independent |
| 6 | Hermann Göring | 10 April 1933 | 24 April 1945 | NSDAP |
[edit] Subdivisions of Prussia
[edit] Effects of World War I
- East: The Memel Region of East Prussia was ceded to Lithuania. The remainder of province of Silesia that was not ceded to Poland and Czechoslovakia was split into the provinces of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia in 1919 - although they were temporarily recombined (1938-1941).
- North: In the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Allied powers organised two plebiscites in Northern and Central Schleswig on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. In Northern Schleswig 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% for staying with Germany, this new addition to Denmark comprising the modern-day South Jutland County . In Central Schleswig the situation was reversed with 80% voting for Germany and 20% for Denmark. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig.
- West: The southern tip of the Rhine Province was placed under French administration as the Saar by the League of Nations. The Eupen and Malmedy regions in the west of the Rhine Province were ceded to Belgium, forming the region that contains the German-speaking community of Belgium.
[edit] Changes prior to World War II
In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act was passed to create the new province of Berlin, separating the capital from the province of Brandenburg. This new province effectively increased the size of the city 13-fold, and its borders are largely maintained by the modern German state of Berlin.
The remainder of the provinces of Posen and West Prussia were combined to form Posen-West Prussia in 1922.
After the "Reichsstatthaltergesetz" in 1935, all states and provinces were de facto dissolved, allowing the Nazis to re-organise Germany into new subdivisions (Gaue). Nevertheless, some changes were still made to Prussian provinces after this time. For example, the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 transferred some territory from Schleswig-Holstein to the Free City of Hamburg while at the same time annexing the Free City of Lübeck to Schleswig-Holstein.
[edit] After World War II
With the Allied occupation of Germany in 1945 and the abolition of the Prussian state in 1946, the provinces of Prussia were eventually transformed into new territories:
- Ceded to the USSR: the northern third of East Prussia. Today the Kaliningrad Oblast is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.
- Ceded to Poland: everything east of the Oder-Neisse line: (most of Silesia, Eastern Pomerania, the Neumark region of Brandenburg, all of Posen-West Prussia, and the remainder of East Prussia not ceded to Russia)
- Placed under Soviet administration: the following states were formed (partly after merging with other German states), were then abolished in 1952, and finally recreated after the reunification of Germany in 1990.
- Brandenburg: from the remainder of the Province of Brandenburg
- Saxony-Anhalt: from the bulk of the Province of Saxony, the remainder of the province became part of Thuringia
- Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: the remainder of the Province of Pomerania (most of Western Pomerania) merged into Mecklenburg
- Saxony: the petty remainder of the Province of Silesia merged into Saxony
- Placed under Allied administration: the remainder of Prussia was merged with other German states to become the following states of West Germany.
- Schleswig-Holstein: from the province of Schleswig-Holstein, under British administration
- Lower Saxony: from the province of Hanover, under British administration
- North Rhine-Westphalia: from the province of Westphalia and the northern half of the Rhine Province, under British administration
- Rhineland-Palatinate: from the southern remainder of the Rhine Province, under French administration
- Hesse: from the province of Hesse-Nassau, under American administration
- Württemberg-Hohenzollern: from the province of Hohenzollern, under French administration. This state was ultimately merged with Baden and Württemberg-Baden to form Baden-Württemberg.
- Berlin was divided into East Berlin (under Soviet administration) and West Berlin (redivided further into British, French and American sectors of administration). This western half was completely surrounded by East Germany and was ultimately enclosed by the Berlin Wall. The two halves were reunited after German reunification to form the modern German state of Berlin. A proposal to merge Berlin with the reformed state of Brandenburg was rejected by popular vote in 1996.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
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