User:Femto/elements e8

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Contents

[edit] lanthanum

57 barium ← lanthanum → cerium
-
↑
La
↓
Ac
General
Name, Symbol, Number lanthanum, La, 57
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 138.9055(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 6.162  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 5.94  g·cm−3
Melting point 1193 K
(920 °C, 1688 °F)
Boiling point 3737 K
(3464 °C, 6267 °F)
Heat of fusion 6.20  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 402.1  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.11  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) (2005) (2208) (2458) (2772) (3178) (3726)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.10 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  538.1  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1067  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  1850.3  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 195  pm
Covalent radius 169  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering  ???
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 615 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 13.4  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
12.1 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2475 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 36.6  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 14.3  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 27.9  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.280
Mohs hardness 2.5
Vickers hardness 491  MPa
Brinell hardness 363  MPa
CAS registry number 7439-91-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
137La syn 60,000 yrs e capture 0.600 137Ba
138La 0.09% 1.05E11 yrs e capture 1.737 138Ba
138La 0.09% 1.05E11 yrs β- 1.044 138Ce
139La 99.91% 139La is stable with 82 neutrons
References


[edit] cerium

58 lanthanum ← cerium → praseodymium
-
↑
Ce
↓
Th
General
Name, Symbol, Number cerium, Ce, 58
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 140.116(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 6.770  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6.55  g·cm−3
Melting point 1068 K
(795 °C, 1463 °F)
Boiling point 3716 K
(3443 °C, 6229 °F)
Heat of fusion 5.46  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 398  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 26.94  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1992 2194 2442 2754 3159 3705
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic face centered
Oxidation states 3, 4
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.12 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  534.4  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1050  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  1949  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (β, poly) 828 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 11.3  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (γ, poly)
6.3 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2100 m/s
Young's modulus (γ form) 33.6  GPa
Shear modulus (γ form) 13.5  GPa
Bulk modulus (γ form) 21.5  GPa
Poisson ratio (γ form) 0.24
Mohs hardness 2.5
Vickers hardness 270  MPa
Brinell hardness 412  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-45-1
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
134Ce syn 3.16 days ε 0.500 134La
136Ce 0.19% 136Ce is stable with 78 neutrons
138Ce 0.25% 138Ce is stable with 80 neutrons
139Ce syn 137.640 days ε 0.278 139La
140Ce 88.48% 140Ce is stable with 82 neutrons
141Ce syn 32.501 days β- 0.581 141Pr
142Ce 11.08% > 5 E16 years β- unknown 142Nd
144Ce syn 284.893 days β- 0.319 144Pr
References


[edit] praseodymium

59 cerium ← praseodymium → neodymium
-
↑
Pr
↓
Pa
General
Name, Symbol, Number praseodymium, Pr, 59
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white,
yellowish tinge
Standard atomic weight 140.90765(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f3 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 6.77  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6.50  g·cm−3
Melting point 1208 K
(935 °C, 1715 °F)
Boiling point 3793 K
(3520 °C, 6368 °F)
Heat of fusion 6.89  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 331  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.20  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1771 1973 (2227) (2571) (3054) (3779)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.13 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  527  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1020  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2086  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 247  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 0.700 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 12.5  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
6.7 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2280 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 37.3  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 14.8  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 28.8  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.281
Vickers hardness 400  MPa
Brinell hardness 481  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-10-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
141Pr 100% 141Pr is stable with 82 neutrons
142Pr syn 19.12 h β- 2.162 142Nd
142Pr syn 19.12 h ε 0.745 142Ce
143Pr syn 13.57 d β- 0.934 143Nd
References


[edit] neodymium

60 praseodymium ← neodymium → promethium
-
↑
Nd
↓
U
General
Name, Symbol, Number neodymium, Nd, 60
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white,
yellowish tinge
Standard atomic weight 144.24(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f4 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7.01  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6.89  g·cm−3
Melting point 1297 K
(1024 °C, 1875 °F)
Boiling point 3347 K
(3074 °C, 5565 °F)
Heat of fusion 7.14  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 289  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.45  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1595 1774 1998 (2296) (2715) (3336)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.14 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  533.1  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1040  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2130  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 206  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering  ???
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 643 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 16.5  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
9.6 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2330 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 41.4  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 16.3  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 31.8  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.281
Vickers hardness 343  MPa
Brinell hardness 265  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-00-8
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
142Nd 27.13% 142Nd is stable with 82 neutrons
143Nd 12.18% 143Nd is stable with 83 neutrons
144Nd 23.8% 2.29E15 y α 1.905 140Ce
145Nd 8.3% 145Nd is stable with 85 neutrons
146Nd 17.19% 146Nd is stable with 86 neutrons
148Nd 5.76% 148Nd is stable with 88 neutrons
150Nd 5.64% 1.1E19 y β-β- 3.367 150Sm
References


[edit] promethium

61 neodymium ← promethium → samarium
-
↑
Pm
↓
Np
General
Name, Symbol, Number promethium, Pm, 61
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance metallic
Standard atomic weight (145)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f5 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7.26  g·cm−3
Melting point 1315 K
(1042 °C, 1908 °F)
Boiling point 3273 K
(3000 °C, 5432 °F)
Heat of fusion 7.13  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 289  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C)  ???  J·mol−1·K−1
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity  ? 1.13 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  540  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1050  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2150  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 205  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) est. 0.75 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 17.9  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
est. 11 µm/(m·K)
Young's modulus (α form) est. 46  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) est. 18  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) est. 33  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) est. 0.28
CAS registry number 7440-12-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
145Pm syn 17.7 y ε 0.163 145Nd
146Pm syn 5.53 y ε 1.472 146Nd
146Pm syn 5.53 y β- 1.542 146Sm
147Pm syn 2.6234 y β- 0.224 147Sm
References


[edit] samarium

62 promethium ← samarium → europium
-
↑
Sm
↓
Pu
General
Name, Symbol, Number samarium, Sm, 62
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 150.36(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f6 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7.52  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 7.16  g·cm−3
Melting point 1345 K
(1072 °C, 1962 °F)
Boiling point 2067 K
(1794 °C, 3261 °F)
Heat of fusion 8.62  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 165  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 29.54  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1001 1106 1240 (1421) (1675) (2061)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure rhombohedral
Oxidation states 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.17 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  544.5  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1070  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2260  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 238  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering  ???
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 0.940 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 13.3  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
12.7 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2130 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 49.7  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 19.5  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 37.8  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.274
Vickers hardness 412  MPa
Brinell hardness 441  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-19-9
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
144Sm 3.07% 144Sm is stable with 82 neutrons
146Sm syn 1.03E+8 y α 2.529 142Nd
147Sm 14.99% 1.06E+11 y α 2.310 143Nd
148Sm 11.24% 7E+15 y α 1.986 144Nd
149Sm 13.82% >2E+15 y α no data 145Nd
150Sm 7.38% 150Sm is stable with 88 neutrons
152Sm 26.75% 152Sm is stable with 90 neutrons
154Sm 22.75% 154Sm is stable with 92 neutrons
References


[edit] europium

63 samarium ← europium → gadolinium
-
↑
Eu
↓
Am
General
Name, Symbol, Number europium, Eu, 63
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 151.964(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f7 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 5.244  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 5.13  g·cm−3
Melting point 1099 K
(826 °C, 1519 °F)
Boiling point 1802 K
(1529 °C, 2784 °F)
Heat of fusion 9.21  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 176  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.66  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 863 957 1072 1234 1452 1796
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic body centered
Oxidation states 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity  ? 1.2 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  547.1  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1085  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2404  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 231  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (poly) 0.900 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) est. 13.9  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (poly)
35.0 µm/(m·K)
Young's modulus 18.2  GPa
Shear modulus 7.9  GPa
Bulk modulus 8.3  GPa
Poisson ratio 0.152
Vickers hardness 167  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-53-1
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
150Eu syn 36.9 a ε 2.261 150Sm
151Eu 47.8% 151Eu is stable with 88 neutrons
152Eu syn 13.516 a ε 1.874 152Sm
152Eu syn 13.516 a β- 1.819 152Gd
153Eu 52.2% 153Eu is stable with 90 neutrons
References


[edit] gadolinium

64 europium ← gadolinium → terbium
-
↑
Gd
↓
Cm
General
Name, Symbol, Number gadolinium, Gd, 64
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 157.25(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7.90  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 7.4  g·cm−3
Melting point 1585 K
(1312 °C, 2394 °F)
Boiling point 3546 K
(3273 °C, 5923 °F)
Heat of fusion 10.05  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 301.3  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 37.03  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) (1836) (2028) (2267) (2573) (2976) (3535)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.20 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  593.4  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1170  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  1990  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 180  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 233  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 1.310 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 10.6  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (100 °C) (α, poly)
9.4 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2680 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 54.8  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 21.8  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 37.9  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.259
Vickers hardness 570  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-54-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
152Gd 0.20% 1.08E+14 a α 2.205 148Sm
154Gd 2.18% 154Gd is stable with 90 neutrons
155Gd 14.80% 155Gd is stable with 91 neutrons
156Gd 20.47% 156Gd is stable with 92 neutrons
157Gd 15.65% 157Gd is stable with 93 neutrons
158Gd 24.84% 158Gd is stable with 94 neutrons
160Gd 21.86% 1.3E+21 a β-β- no data 160Dy
References


[edit] terbium

65 gadolinium ← terbium → dysprosium
-
↑
Tb
↓
Bk
General
Name, Symbol, Number terbium, Tb, 65
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 158.92534(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f9 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 8.23  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 7.65  g·cm−3
Melting point 1629 K
(1356 °C, 2473 °F)
Boiling point 3503 K
(3230 °C, 5846 °F)
Heat of fusion 10.15  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 293  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 28.91  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1789 1979 (2201) (2505) (2913) (3491)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 4
(weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity  ? 1.2 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  565.8  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1110  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2114  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 175  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 225  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 1.150 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 11.1  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
10.3 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2620 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 55.7  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 22.1  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 38.7  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.261
Vickers hardness 863  MPa
Brinell hardness 677  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-27-9
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
157Tb syn 71 y ε 0.060 157Gd
158Tb syn 180 y ε 1.220 158Gd
158Tb syn 180 y β- 0.937 158Dy
159Tb 100% 159Tb is stable with 94 neutrons
References


[edit] dysprosium

66 terbium ← dysprosium → holmium
-
↑
Dy
↓
Cf
General
Name, Symbol, Number dysprosium, Dy, 66
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 162.500(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f10 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 8.540  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 8.37  g·cm−3
Melting point 1680 K
(1407 °C, 2565 °F)
Boiling point 2840 K
(2567 °C, 4653 °F)
Heat of fusion 11.06  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 280  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.7  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1378 1523 (1704) (1954) (2304) (2831)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.22 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  573.0  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1130  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2200  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 175  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 228  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (α, poly) 926 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 10.7  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (α, poly)
9.9 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2710 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 61.4  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 24.7  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 40.5  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.247
Vickers hardness 540  MPa
Brinell hardness 500  MPa
CAS registry number 7429-91-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
154Dy syn 3.0E+6 y α 2.947 150Gd
156Dy 0.06% 156Dy is stable with 90 neutrons
158Dy 0.10% 158Dy is stable with 92 neutrons
160Dy 2.34% 160Dy is stable with 94 neutrons
161Dy 18.91% 161Dy is stable with 95 neutrons
162Dy 25.51% 162Dy is stable with 96 neutrons
163Dy 24.90% 163Dy is stable with 97 neutrons
164Dy 28.18% 164Dy is stable with 98 neutrons
References


[edit] holmium

67 dysprosium ← holmium → erbium
-
↑
Ho
↓
Es
General
Name, Symbol, Number holmium, Ho, 67
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 164.93032(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f11 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 8.79  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 8.34  g·cm−3
Melting point 1734 K
(1461 °C, 2662 °F)
Boiling point 2993 K
(2720 °C, 4928 °F)
Heat of fusion 17.0  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 265  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.15  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1432 1584 (1775) (2040) (2410) (2964)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.23 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  581.0  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1140  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2204  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 175  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (poly) 814 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 16.2  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (poly)
11.2 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2760 m/s
Young's modulus 64.8  GPa
Shear modulus 26.3  GPa
Bulk modulus 40.2  GPa
Poisson ratio 0.231
Vickers hardness 481  MPa
Brinell hardness 746  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-60-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
165Ho 100% 165Ho is stable with 98 neutrons
References


[edit] erbium

68 holmium ← erbium → thulium
-
↑
Er
↓
Fm
General
Name, Symbol, Number erbium, Er, 68
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 167.259(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f12 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 9.066  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 8.86  g·cm−3
Melting point 1770 K
(1497 °C, 2727 °F)
Boiling point 3141 K
(2868 °C, 5194 °F)
Heat of fusion 19.90  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 280  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 28.12  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1504 1663 (1885) (2163) (2552) (3132)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.24 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  589.3  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1150  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2194  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 175  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 226  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (poly) 0.860 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 14.5  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (poly)
12.2 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2830 m/s
Young's modulus 69.9  GPa
Shear modulus 28.3  GPa
Bulk modulus 44.4  GPa
Poisson ratio 0.237
Vickers hardness 589  MPa
Brinell hardness 814  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-52-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
160Er syn 28.58 h ε 0.330 160Ho
162Er 0.14% 162Er is stable with 94 neutrons
164Er 1.61% 164Er is stable with 96 neutrons
165Er syn 10.36 h ε 0.376 165Ho
166Er 33.6% 166Er is stable with 98 neutrons
167Er 22.95% 167Er is stable with 99 neutrons
168Er 26.8% 168Er is stable with 100 neutrons
169Er syn 9.4 d β- 0.351 169Tm
170Er 14.9% 170Er is stable with 102 neutrons
171Er syn 7.516 h β- 1.490 171Tm
172Er syn 49.3 h β- 0.891 172Tm
References


[edit] thulium

69 erbium ← thulium → ytterbium
-
↑
Tm
↓
Md
General
Name, Symbol, Number thulium, Tm, 69
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery gray
Standard atomic weight 168.93421(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f13 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 9.32  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 8.56  g·cm−3
Melting point 1818 K
(1545 °C, 2813 °F)
Boiling point 2223 K
(1950 °C, 3542 °F)
Heat of fusion 16.84  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 247  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.03  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1117 1235 1381 1570 (1821) (2217)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 3
(basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.25 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  596.7  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1160  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2285  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 175  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 222  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (poly) 676 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 16.9  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (poly)
13.3 µm/(m·K)
Young's modulus 74.0  GPa
Shear modulus 30.5  GPa
Bulk modulus 44.5  GPa
Poisson ratio 0.213
Vickers hardness 520  MPa
Brinell hardness 471  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-30-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
167Tm syn 9.25 d ε 0.748 167Er
168Tm syn 93.1 d ε 1.679 168Er
169Tm 100% 169Tm is stable with 100 neutrons
170Tm syn 128.6 d β- 0.968 170Yb
171Tm syn 1.92 y β- 0.096 171Yb
References


[edit] ytterbium

70 thulium ← ytterbium → lutetium
-
↑
Yb
↓
No
General
Name, Symbol, Number ytterbium, Yb, 70
Chemical series lanthanides
Group, Period, Block ???, 6, f
Appearance silvery white
Standard atomic weight 173.04(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 6s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 6.90  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6.21  g·cm−3
Melting point 1097 K
(824 °C, 1515 °F)
Boiling point 1469 K
(1196 °C, 2185 °F)
Heat of fusion 7.66  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 159  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 26.74  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 736 813 910 1047 (1266) (1465)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic face centered
Oxidation states 3
(basic oxide)
Electronegativity  ? 1.1 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  603.4  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1174.8  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2417  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 175  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 222  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (r.t.) (β, poly) 0.250 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 38.5  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (r.t.) (β, poly)
26.3 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 1590 m/s
Young's modulus (β form) 23.9  GPa
Shear modulus (β form) 9.9  GPa
Bulk modulus (β form) 30.5  GPa
Poisson ratio (β form) 0.207
Vickers hardness 206  MPa
Brinell hardness 343  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-64-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e8
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
166Yb syn 56.7 h ε 0.304 166Tm
168Yb 0.13% 168Yb is stable with 98 neutrons
169Yb syn 32.026 d ε 0.909 169Tm
170Yb 3.05% 170Yb is stable with 100 neutrons
171Yb 14.3% 171Yb is stable with 101 neutrons
172Yb 21.9% 172Yb is stable with 102 neutrons
173Yb 16.12% 173Yb is stable with 103 neutrons
174Yb 31.8% 174Yb is stable with 104 neutrons
175Yb syn 4.185 d β- 0.470 175Lu
176Yb 12.7% 176Yb is stable with 106 neutrons
177Yb syn 1.911h h β- 1.399 177Lu
References