February-March 2007 Tornado Outbreak

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February-March 2007 Tornado

Radar scan of the Enterprise tornado
Date of tornado outbreak:	February 28-March 2, 2007
Duration1:	37 hours, 7 minutes
Maximum rated tornado2:	EF4 tornado
Tornadoes caused:	57 confirmed
Damages:	>$580 million[1]
Fatalities:	20
Areas affected:	Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Deep South region
1Time from first tornado to last tornado 2Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita Scale

The February-March 2007 Tornado Outbreak was a tornado outbreak across the southern United States that began in Kansas on February 28, 2007. The severe weather spread eastward on March 1 and left a deadly mark across the southern US, particularly in Alabama and Georgia. Twenty deaths were reported; one in Missouri, nine in Georgia, and 10 in Alabama. Scattered severe weather was also reported in North Carolina on March 2 producing the final tornado of the outbreak before the storms moved offshore into the Atlantic Ocean.^[2]

In the end, there were 57 tornadoes confirmed during the outbreak, including three EF3 tornadoes reported across three states, as well as three EF4 tornadoes; two in Alabama and one in Kansas, the first such tornadoes since the introduction of the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Total damages were estimated at over $580 million from tornadoes alone, making it the fourth costliest tornado outbreak in US history (the figure not including damage from other thunderstorm impacts including hail and straight-line winds).^[3] Insured losses in the state of Georgia topped $210 million, making this outbreak the costliest in that state's history.^[4] Enterprise, Alabama, which was hit the hardest, sustained damages in excess of $307 million.^[5]

Contents 1 Meteorological synopsis 2 Confirmed tornadoes 2.1 February 28 event 2.2 March 1 event 2.3 March 2 event 3 Enterprise area tornado 3.1 Aftermath 4 Americus tornado 5 References 6 See also 7 External links

[edit] Meteorological synopsis

The tornado outbreak was related to a large low-pressure system across the central United States that intensified on February 28 while over Kansas, and a cold front moved across the region, providing the lift needed to allow the storms to develop. In addition, a surge of very moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and warm temperatures across the south side of the storm helped feed the storms. Temperatures were in the 70s°F (low 20s°C) in some areas to the south, while the mercury was below freezing on the north side. The dewpoints were in the 60 °F (16 °C) range as far north as southeastern Kansas, which provided extra fuel.^[6]

A moderate risk of severe storms was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for February 28 across parts of the central Plains. The first tornadoes developed early in the evening of February 28 in Kansas as the dry line pushed eastward and was lifted by the cold front.^[7] In total, 12 tornadoes formed that evening across Kansas and Missouri, of which 11 were weak. However, one of the tornadoes was an EF4, the first such tornado recorded and the first violent tornado since September 22, 2006. Fortunately, no one was injured that evening. Farther south, though, expected activity in Oklahoma and Arkansas did not take place as the atmospheric cap held up.^[8]

A high risk of severe storms - the first such issuance since April 7, 2006 - was issued for a large part of the Deep South for March 1 as the cold front moved eastward.^[9] The activity began almost immediately, with several isolated tornadoes taking place that morning across the Mississippi Valley, with one of them leading to the first fatality of the outbreak. Isolated tornadoes were also reported as far north as Illinois near the center of the low. However, the most intense activity began around noon and continued throughout the afternoon and evening, with southern Alabama and southern Georgia being the hardest hit. Nearly continuous supercells formed north of the Gulf of Mexico and produced many tornadoes, some of which hit large population centers with devastating effects. 19 people were killed by those tornadoes.^[10]

The squall line finally overtook the supercells just after midnight on March 2 after putting down 37 tornadoes that day. As the squall line overtook the cells, a few tornadoes - all EF0 - took place overnight in Florida and extreme southern Georgia within the squall line before the severe weather emerged in the Atlantic Ocean that morning.^[11] The final tornado was a landfalling waterspout in the Outer Banks of North Carolina late that morning.^[12] In addition to the tornadoes, widespread straight-line wind damage from microbursts were also reported, along with scattered large hail, the largest of which were the size of baseballs.^[13]

On the other side of the low pressure area, a significant blizzard occurred over the northern Great Plains and Upper Midwest including parts of Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Nebraska where several snowfalls in excess of 8 to 18 inches (20—45 cm) were reported, with snow of between 6 and 11 inches (15—28 cm) across portions of Ontario and Quebec.^[14] Freezing rain was reported across New England, the lower Great Lakes in Ontario, Michigan, and in the Chicago area. 19 people were killed by the storm, including two in Manitoba^[15] , two in Ontario,^[16] one in Massachusetts, four in North Dakota, one in Minnesota, three in Michigan, five in Wisconsin and one in Nebraska.^[17] The University of Minnesota in the Twin Cities was closed for the first time since 1991 and the roof of a supermarket in Wisconsin collapsed. Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty called in the National Guard while governors Chet Culver (Iowa) and Michael Rounds (South Dakota) issued disaster declarations^[18][19]

[edit] Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed Total	Confirmed EF0	Confirmed EF1	Confirmed EF2	Confirmed EF3	Confirmed EF4	Confirmed EF5
57	22	20	9	3	3	0

[edit] February 28 event

List of confirmed tornadoes - Wednesday, February 28, 2007
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Kansas
EF0	W of Neosho Falls (1st tornado)	Woodson	0033	unknown	Short-lived rope tornado with no damage.
EF0	W of Neosho Falls (2nd tornado)	Woodson	0035	unknown	Second rope tornado formed out of the same supercell, again with no damage.
EF1	E of Colony	Anderson	0048	9 miles (15 km)	Tornado reported on the ground by KAKE-TV spotter. Moderate damage to several houses, and a covered arena was destroyed.
EF0	N of Carlyle (1st tornado)	Allen	0101	unknown	Brief touchdown in an open field with no damage reported.
EF0	N of Carlyle (2nd tornado)	Allen	0107	unknown	Large wedge tornado formed from the same supercell as the above tornadoes, fortunately missing structures.
EF4	Mound City area	Anderson, Linn	0145	24 miles (38 km)	Large and dangerous tornado; one house was flattened and several other houses and farm buildings were damaged or destroyed. The occupants of the flattened house were in a storm cellar at the time and were not injured. Extensive tree and power line damage was also reported.
Missouri
EF1	E of Alexander	Bates	0327	13 miles (21 km)	Major damage was reported to one house, and minor damage to several other structures.
EF1	SE of Blairstown	Henry	0315	unknown	Tornado remained primarily over open country.
EF1	E of Gunn City	Cass, Johnson	0405	6 miles (9.6 km)	One mobile home was destroyed and two houses were damaged.
EF0	N of Madison	Monroe	0730	2 miles (3.2 km)	Intermittent tornado track. Two houses suffered minor damage and a shed was destroyed.
EF1	S of Shelbina	Monroe	0740	3 miles (4.8 km)	Damage was reported to three houses and several sheds and outbuildings including a pole barn. Several cows were killed. Debris tossed up to a half mile (800 m) away.
EF1	NE of Granville	Monroe, Shelby	0743	8 miles (13 km)	Three houses, including a mobile home, suffered moderate to heavy damage. Several barns and outbuildings were heavily damaged, a few of them were destroyed.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports 02/28/07, NWS Topeka, NWS St. Louis, NWS Kansas City, NCDC storm archive

[edit] March 1 event

List of confirmed tornadoes - Thursday, March 1, 2007
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Arkansas
EF0	SE of Oak Grove	Carroll	1028	2 miles (3.2 km)	A chicken house was damaged and trees were snapped.
Missouri
EF3	Caulfield area	Ozark, Howell	1233	15 miles (24 km)	1 death - Long-track tornado in the area. Severe damage was reported to several homes and businesses, including four mobile homes where a first grader died. Tornado just missed a local school. Four other people were injured. Tornado dissipated just before entering the West Plains city limits.
Louisiana
EF0	Archie	Catahoula	1550	1 mile (1.6 km)	Brief tornado confirmed by spotters with damage limited to trees in a heavily forested area.
Illinois
EF0	W of Jonesboro	Union	1647	1.75 miles (2.8 km)	Minor damage reported to about 20 houses. Many trees were knocked over.
EF0	Elwin	Macon	1847	1 mile (1.6 km)	Weak tornado caused minor damage to a house and a church. A tree fell on three cars, injuring one person.
Florida
EF0	N of Indian Ford	Santa Rosa	1720	1 mile (1.6 km)	Weak tornado briefly touched down in a forest. Trees and power lines knocked down.
Mississippi
EF1	Midway area	Yazoo	1758	6 miles (9.6 km)	One barn suffered roof damage. Many trees knocked over.
Alabama
EF0	N of Industry	Butler	1805	3 miles (4.8 km)	Several trees were blown down and a large truck was blown off Highway 106.
EF4	Millers Ferry area	Wilcox, Dallas	1827	18 miles (30 km)	1 death - Long track tornado devastated a recreational area in the Bill Dannelly Reservoir area. About 70 houses were damaged or destroyed, mostly manufactured homes (one person was killed in one of them even though most were empty), although two wood frame houses were flattened. Some of the debris extended up to 2 miles (3.2 km) away. Two others were injured. Upgraded from EF3 to EF4 in a later survey.[20]
EF4	Enterprise area	Coffee	1908	10 miles (16 km)	9 deaths - See section on this tornado
EF1	Echo	Dale, Henry, Clay (GA)	1948	37 miles (59 km)	Long track tornado with widespread damage to over 70 mobile homes, some of which were destroyed. In addition, five chicken houses were destroyed, killing over 140,000 chickens. Dozens of other houses were damaged. Widespread tree and power line damage also reported, and six people were injured.
EF2	Letohatchee area	Lowndes, Montgomery	2048	23 miles (39 km)	Large wedge tornado tracked across the area. 39 houses were damaged, three of which were destroyed. Many outbuildings, sheds and silos were also damaged or destroyed, and a power transmission line was knocked down, along with hundreds of trees. Six people were injured.
EF1	N of Samantha	Tuscaloosa	2100	3.5 miles (5.6 km)	Numerous trees were uprooted. One house lost its roof. Initially, NWS officials confirmed two different tornado tracks (including an EF0) but revised as a single tornado following an aerial survey[21]
EF1	NW of Fayette	Fayette	2059	11 miles (17 km)	Three houses and several sheds suffered minor damage. Widespread tree damage reported.
EF1	N of Eufaula	Barbour	2112	2.4 miles (3.8 km)	Tornado primarily impacted Lake Point Resort State Park. Over 100 trees knocked down in the park, but no buildings impacted.
EF2	Arley	Winston, Cullman	2145	9.1 miles (14 km)	Two tornadoes reported by trained spotters. Several houses and barns were damaged and a chicken house was destroyed.
EF1	Adamsville	Jefferson	2206	1 mile (1.6 km)	Tornado reported by The Birmingham News, confirmed by NWS. Major damage to subdivision. Path was 400 yards (360 m) wide at widest point. Dozens of trees uprooted and snapped, one house de-roofed.[22]
EF2	Phenix City to Columbus (GA)	Russell, Lee, Muscogee (GA)	2327	10.3 miles (16 km)	Minor damage in Phenix City, however, considerable damage with many trees and power lines knocked down and structural damage to some houses and businesses in north Columbus, primarily along Brookstone Boulevard.
EF1	Montevallo area	Shelby	2356	0.75 mile (1.2 km)	One house and a barn suffered major damage, primarily due to fallen pine trees.
Kentucky
EF1	Elkton	Todd	2020	330 yd (300 m)	Roofs were blown off two mobile homes and a storage building.
Georgia
EF0	S of Hatcher	Quitman	2036	1 mile (1.6 km)	Damage limited to a few trees.
EF1	Richland	Stewart	2120	1.5 miles (2.4 km)	At least 50 houses were damaged to some degree. One house and one church were destroyed.
EF1	NE of Oakland	Marion	2120	2 miles (3.2 km)	One barn was destroyed and a second was damaged. One mobile home was also shifted off its foundation.
EF3	E of Knoxville	Crawford, Bibb	2155	8.5 miles (14 km)	Severe damage reported in the area. Nine people were injured.
EF2	Potterville	Taylor	2235	7 miles (11 km)	1 death - Many houses reported to have been damaged. Many trees and power lines also fell. Fatality reported in a mobile home. Four others were injured.
EF0	NW of Macon	Bibb	2250	3 miles (4.8 km)	Short-lived tornado in a commercial area. Traffic lights and business signs down near Interstate 475. Minor damage also reported in a residential subdivision.
EF1	S of Gray	Jones	2333	4.5 miles (7.2 km)	Extensive damage to trees and power lines.
EF0	SE of Haddock	Jones	2338	100 yd (90 m)	Second tornado from the same cell that produced the first Jones County tornado. Damage limited to a few trees.
EF1	W of Talbotton	Talbot	0003	4.5 miles (7.2 km)	Minor roof damage to several houses. At least five outbuildings and one mobile home destroyed.
EF2	E of Warrenton	Warren, McDuffie	0110	15 miles (24 km)	Many houses and buildings damaged or destroyed, resulting in three injuries. Severe damage to Briarwood Academy; it was empty at the time.
EF3	Americus area	Webster, Sumter, Macon	0200	38 miles (60 km)	2 deaths - See section on this tornado
EF0	N of Cary	Bleckley	0335	1 mile (1.6 km)	Short-lived tornado destroyed several outbuildings and damaged three houses slightly.
EF2	Nicklesville area	Wilkinson	0345	13.5 miles (21 km)	Public confirmed the large wedge tornado. Several houses damaged, primarily along SR 112.
EF2	Newton area	Baker, Mitchell, Dougherty, Worth	0444	31 miles (50 km)	6 deaths - Tornado destroyed a mobile home park just north of Newton, where the fatalities took place. At least 100 other houses and 13 businesses were damaged or destroyed along its long path in Baconton and Pleasant Grove as well. Several others were injured.
EF2	S of Sylvester	Worth	0520	5 miles (8 km)	Related to the Newton tornado. Several houses were destroyed and extensive tree damage was reported. Two people were injured.
EF2	S of Sumner	Worth	0530	3 miles (4.8 km)	An empty mobile home was destroyed. 24 houses were damaged, some of them heavily.
EF1	N of Chula	Tift, Turner	0542	8 miles (13 km)	Extensive damage reported to at least 35 houses and several barns. Widespread tree damage.
EF1	S of Horns	Crawford	unknown	12 miles (20 km)	Intermittent damage along the path, which included some structural damage to houses. Several outbuildings were destroyed.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports 03/01/07, SPC Storm Reports 03/02/07, NWS Springfield, NWS Birmingham, NWS Jackson, NWS Central Illinois, NWS Paducah, NWS Peachtree City, NWS Columbia, NWS Mobile, NWS Tallahassee, NCDC storm archive

[edit] March 2 event

List of confirmed tornadoes - Friday, March 2, 2007
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Florida
EF0	E of Monticello	Jefferson	0710	2 miles (3.2 km)	Minor roof damage to one house, plus scattered tree damage.
EF0	Cherry Lake	Madison	0736	3 miles (4.8 km)	One house sustained roof and porch damage. Widespread tree damage was also reported, which also damaged one vehicle.
EF0	N of Wellborn	Suwannee	0900	unknown	Brief tornado touchdown destroyed a garage and damaged many trees and power lines.
EF0	S of Callahan	Nassau	1025	1 mile (1.6 km)	Damage reported to three mobile homes and several sheds. Considerable debris.
South Carolina
EF0	NE of New Ellenton	Aiken	0720	5 miles (8 km)	Minor damage to two houses, and many trees knocked over.
Georgia
EF0	Lake Park	Lowndes	0755	2 miles (3.2 km)	Tornado touched down in a RV park. Minor structural damage.
North Carolina
EF0	Smyrna	Carteret	1340	unknown	Brief waterspout came ashore, damaging one house.
Sources: SPC Storm Reports 03/02/07, NWS Peachtree City, NWS Columbia, NWS Mobile, NWS Tallahassee, NCDC storm archive

[edit] Enterprise area tornado

Outbreak death toll

State	Total	County	County total
Alabama	10	Coffee	9
		Wilcox	1
Georgia	9	Baker	6
		Sumter	2
		Taylor	1
Missouri	1	Howell	1
Totals	20
All deaths were tornado-related

Early on the afternoon of Thursday, March 1, at 1:08 pm CST (1908 UTC), a destructive tornado first developed near the Enterprise Municipal Airport. The tornado lifted off the ground briefly before returning to the ground as an even stronger storm.^[23] It quickly slammed into Enterprise, Alabama at 1:12 pm CST (1912 UTC). The tornado left severe damage throughout a large section of the city. The most severe damage took place at Enterprise High School, where a section of the school was destroyed during the middle of the school day. At least eight fatalities were reported at the school and 50 others were taken to local hospitals. Some early reports suggested that there had been as many as 15 deaths at Enterprise High School and 18 deaths statewide, which was found to be an over-estimation.^[24] It was the first killer tornado at a US school since the Plainfield Tornado in Illinois in 1990, and the deadliest definite tornado since one in Belvidere, Illinois in 1967.^[25] One other death was reported in Enterprise at a nearby private residence when her living room was shattered by the tornado.^[26][27]

At the school, the fatalities resulted from the collapse of a concrete wall. One hallway completely collapsed, trapping many students in the rubble on their hallway known as 3rd Hall. The tornado at the school was so strong that it flipped cars over in the parking lot, flattened parts of the stadium and tore trees out of the ground. School buses were there for an early dismissal due to the storms at just after 1 pm, but the tornado hit before the school could be dismissed.^[28]

Nearby Hillcrest Elementary School also sustained severe damaged from the tornado. After the tornado hit, students from both schools that were not injured were relocated by emergency personnel to Hillcrest Baptist Church, adjacent to the school which was not damaged, in order to meet up with shocked parents. Emergency personnel also rushed to the school to send the most seriously injured to local hospitals and provide treatment on the scene to others.^[28]

The tornado initially formed in a neighborhood just south of the downtown area; after demolishing a section of the downtown area it moved on to the schools. The tornado then continued northeast crossing the Holly Hill and Dixie Drive areas. A quarter mile (400 m) wide swath was devastated, with enormous damage reported to many houses and businesses, some of which were flattened. Several other schools and the local YMCA were among the damaged buildings.^[28] According to the Red Cross, 239 homes were destroyed, 374 sustained major damage, 529 sustained minor damage, and 251 homes were affected.^[29]

The tornado itself was estimated to have been 500 yards (450 m) wide and had a path length of 10 miles (16 km). It dissipated shortly after leaving Enterprise.^[27] It was given an initial rating of EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.^[30] However, after a detailed survey, the tornado was upgraded to a low-end EF4 with winds around 170 mph (275 km/h) due to flattened houses near the school.^[31]

[edit] Aftermath

The National Guard was called into Enterprise in the aftermath of the tornado. Governor Bob Riley mobilized about 100 troops and placed more on standby. A dusk-to-dawn curfew was imposed on the community after the tornado hit due to the extensive damage.^[32] On the morning of March 3, President George W. Bush visited the community and declared Coffee County a disaster area. He went into the school and also took an aerial view of the devastation.^[29] FEMA was also called in to provide additional assistance.

After the tornado, it was debated on whether the students should have indeed been dismissed before the tornado hit. However, the National Weather Service survey from the office in Tallahassee suggested that the death toll could have been much higher due to the extreme damage in the parking lot and the area nearby.^[33] In addition, earlier thunderstorm activity in the area with two other rotating supercells tracking towards Enterprise late that morning (the first tornado warning was issued at 10:41 am CST) made evacuating the area unsafe.^[34]

In a later service assessment done by the NWS, it was determined that the school had taken the appropriate safety precautions to minimize and prevent potential loss of life with the tornado approaching, and the students were indeed in the safest part of the building. However, it was recommended in the assessment that hardened "safe rooms" with enhanced construction to prevent future disasters in the event of large and violent tornadoes impacting large buildings. A similar tornado on July 13, 2004 in Roanoke, Illinois destroyed an industrial building, yet such rooms were used and no one there was seriously injured.^[34]

[edit] Americus tornado

In the evening of March 1, Georgia's most significant tornado of the outbreak took place. This tornado began at approximately 9:00 pm EST (0200 UTC), about 6 miles (10 km) southeast of Weston in Webster County, Georgia. At 9:07 pm, it moved into Sumter County about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Dumas. No one was killed there but three people were injured as numerous buildings were damaged. The worst damage in the county occurred on East Centerpoint Road northeast of Chambliss. There, a cinder block house and two machine shops were destroyed. The three injuries occurred in the home and 5 cows died on a nearby farm. A tractor-trailer near Chambliss was travelling on Highway 520 and was flipped over by the tornado. It caught fire and burned completely. At the intersection of the highway and TV Tower Road nearby, the Georgia Public Television transmission tower was damaged. 2/3 of it was twisted and only 150 feet was left standing afterwards. Many trees and power lines were downed in the area.^[35]

In Sumter County, the tornado move northeast and struck Americus. The worst damage was to the Sumter Regional Hospital. The twister destroyed every building there, causing $100 million in damage to the facility. The buildings included a row of doctors' offices and the Sumter HealthPlex, a newly-built 8000 square foot facility. It went through demolition later in the year and won't reopen until 2010. Extensive damage was done elsewhere in the city. All casualties in the county were in Americus. Two people, a 53-year old man and 43-year old woman, died in a house when a wall collapsed inside it. The tornado moved right over the downtown area and business distriict. The Winn-Dixie Supermarket was completely destroyed. The McDonald's, Wendy's, Zaxby's, Domino's Pizza, and several more local businesses were damaged or destroyed. The tornado passed right through the National Register Historic District. Roughly 250 historical homes were damaged, several of which were destroyed. The city's most notable cemetery, the Oak Grove Cemetery, suffered moderate damage. It was built in 1856. Marble monuments, some 30 feet tall, were smashed, 26 wrought iron fences were toppled, and 104 cedar, mangolia, and oak trees were lost. The historic Rees Park High School sustained moderate damage but it was not in use. The Old Shady Grove Church. Americus churches were not spared with ten of them damaged. Parks were badly affected as well. Rees Park lost 25 trees and nearby Myers Park lost 39.^[36]

The toll for damage in the county amounted to $110 million. At total of 31 residences, 42 businesses, one church, and one hospital were destroyed. Another 116 residences, 27 businesses, two churches, and three recreation facilities/parks sustained major damage. Moderate damage took place to 260 residences, 60 businesses, five churches, a school, three recreation facilities/parks, and 2 cemeteries that sustained moderate damage. Minor damage was reported to 586 residences, 88 businesses, two churches, a school, a fire station, two recreation facilities/parks, and a cemetery. A total of 75 structures were destroyed, 148 sustained major damage, 331 sustained moderate damage, and 681 sustained minor damage (total of 1,235 structures). Of these, 993 were residences, 217 were businesses, 10 were churches, two were schools, one was a hospital, one was a fire station, eight were recreation facilities/parks, and three were cemeteries. Two people died in the county and eight others were injured.^[37]

At 9:36 pm, the tornado entered Macon County about 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Oglethorpe, Georgia but only continued for three miles after that. It lifted at 9:40 pm about 5 miles (8 km) south-southwest of Oglethorpe.^[38]

The tornado was rated as a strong EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. In total, the tornado cut a path up to one mile (1.6 km) wide and about 40 miles (64 km) long through Webster, Sumter and Macon Counties. Two people died and 11 injured. Total damage was estimated at over $111 million. Approximately 1238 buildings, hundreds of vehicles, and much other property were damaged or destroyed.^[39]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of tornado-related deaths at schools
• Tornadoes of 2007
• Winter storms of 2006-07

[edit] External links

• NWS assessment: Tornadoes in Southern Alabama and Georgia on March 1, 2007
• Storm Prediction Center
• Enterprise Ledger newspaper coverage for the Enterprise tornado
• NWS Tallahassee, FL tornado outbreak summary
• NWS Atlanta/Peachtree City, GA Tornado Outbreak Page
• NWS Springfield, MO Tornado event page
• NWS Kansas City, MO Summary of Outbreak
• NWS Paducah, KY Tornado event page
• http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~652597
• http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~652427
• http://www.albanyherald.com/stories/20080301n8.htm

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