Eric of Pomerania
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| Erik af Pommern Erik av Pommern |
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| By the grace of God, King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Pomerania[1] | |
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| Reign | 1389–1442 (Norway) 1396–1439 (Sweden) 1396–1439 (Denmark) 1449-1459 (Pomerania-Stolp) |
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| Coronation | 17 June 1397, Kalmar |
| Born | 1382 |
| Birthplace | Rügenwalde (Darłowo) |
| Died | May 3, 1459 |
| Place of death | Rügenwalde Castle |
| Buried | Rügenwalde |
| Successor | Christopher of Bavaria |
| Consort | Philippa of England |
| Issue | None |
| Father | Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania |
| Mother | Mary of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Eric of Pomerania or Erik of Pomerania (ca. 1382 – 3 May 1459) was King of Norway (1389–1442), elected King of Denmark (1396–1439), and of Sweden (1396–1439). He was the first king of the Nordic Kalmar Union
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[edit] Names
Eric has been known as Erik af Pommern and Erik VII in Danish, as Erik av Pommern and Eirik III in Norwegian, and as Erik av Pommern and Erik XIII in Swedish.
[edit] Family
He was a son of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Mary of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
His paternal grandparents were Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and his second wife Adelheid of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. His maternal grandparents were Heinrich III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Ingeborg of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Heinrich was a rival of Olaf Haakonsson in regard to the Danish succession in 1375.
Ingeborg was a daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark and his Queen consort Heilwig of Schleswig. Her maternal grandparents were Eric II, Duke of Schleswig (reigned 1312 - 1325) and Adelheid of Holstein-Rendsburg.
[edit] Claim to the throne
Eric was born in 1382 in Rügenwalde (Darłowo). Initially named Bogislaw, he was son to the only surviving granddaughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark and also a descendant of Magnus I of Sweden and Haakon V of Norway.
On 2 August 1387, Olav Håkonsson, King of Denmark since he was five years old and King of Norway since the death of his father, died unexpectedly at seventeen years of age. His mother the Dowager Queen of Norway had added the phrase "the true heir of Sweden" to Erik's list of titles at his coronation. Erik's claim to the Swedish throne came through his grandfather, Magnus IV of Sweden, who was forced to abdicate by the great nobles. The nobles invited Count Albert of Mecklenburg to take the throne, but they quickly grew tired of his pro-German policies and the "Germanification" of Stockholm. The Rigsråd (Danish Thing) elected Queen Margaret as "all powerful lady and mistress and the Kingdom of Denmark's Regent". Just a year later, the Norwegians proclaimed Margaret the "reigning queen". King Albert, who was the nephew of Håkon VI of Norway, thought he should be the next king of Norway. He made a habit of mocking Queen Margaret, such as calling her "King No Pants", and went so far as to send her a grind stone so she could file her nails.[citation needed] Albrecht fought off an incursion from Norway, which earned him a little time, but he soon continued restricting traditional rights of the nobility and inviting hordes of Germans to come to Sweden. In 1388, several of the Swedish nobles wrote secretly to Margaret telling her that if she could rid Sweden of Albert, they would make her Regent. Margaret lost no time and sent an army into Sweden to attack Albert while the Swedish nobles raised their own army to drive him out of the the country. In 1389, Albert's forces were defeated at the Battle of Falköping in Västergötland. Albert and his son Erik were captured when their horses became mired in mud so deep they could not escape. Albert and his son were put into chains and sent to Queen Margaret in Scania, where he was imprisoned in Lindholm Castle. It took until 1395 for Margaret to force the Germans out of Stockholm. She made provisions for the three kingdoms in the event of her death. She wanted the kingdoms to be unified and peaceful. She chose the surviving grandson of Valdemar IV, Magnus IV.
Young Bogislaw was the grandson of Margaret's sister. In 1389 he was brought to Denmark to be brought up by Queen Margaret. His name was changed to the more Nordic-sounding Erik. On 8 September 1389, he was hailed as King of Norway at the Ting in Trondheim. He may have been crowned King of Norway in Oslo in 1392, but this is disputed. In 1396 he was proclaimed as king in Denmark and then in Sweden. On 17 June 1397, he was crowned as king of the three Nordic countries in the cathedral of Kalmar. At the same time, a union treaty was drafted, declaring the establishment of what has become known as the Kalmar Union. Queen Margaret, however, remained the de facto ruler of the three kingdoms until her death in 1412.
[edit] Marriage
In 1402, Queen Margaret entered into negotiations with King Henry IV of England about the possibility of an alliance between the Kingdom of England and the Nordic union. The proposal was for a double wedding, whereby Eric would marry Henry's daughter, Philippa, and Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and future King Henry V, would marry Eric's sister, Catherine.
The English side wanted these weddings to seal an offensive alliance between the Nordic kingdoms and England, which could have led to the involvement of the Nordic union on the English side in the ongoing Hundred Years' War against the Kingdom of France. Queen Margaret led a consistent foreign policy of not getting entangled in binding alliances and foreign wars. She therefore rejected the English proposals.
The double wedding did not come off, but Eric's wedding to Philippa was successfully negotiated. On 26 October 1406, Eric married the 13-year-old Philippa at Lund. The wedding was accompanied by a purely defensive alliance with England.
[edit] Reign
From contemporary sources, Eric appears as an intelligent, visionary, energetic and a firm character. That he was also a charming and well-speaking man of the world was shown by a great European tour of the 1420s. Negatively, he seems to have had a hot temper, a lack of diplomatic sense, and an obstinacy that bordered on mulishness.
Almost the whole of Eric’s sole rule was affected by his long-standing conflict with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein. He tried to regain South Jutland (Schleswig) which Margaret had been winning but he chose a policy of warfare instead of negotiations. The result was a devastating war that not only ended without conquests but also lost the South Jutlandic areas that he had already obtained. During this war he showed much energy and steadiness but also a remarkable lack of adroitness. In 1424, a verdict of the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund, King of Germany, recognising Eric as the legal ruler of South Jutland was ignored by the Holsteiners. The long war was a strain on the Danish economy as well as on the unity of the north.
Perhaps Eric's most far-ranging act was the introduction of the Sound Dues (Øresundtolden) in 1429 which was to last until 1857. By this he secured a large stable income for his kingdom that made it relatively rich and which made the town of Elsinore flowering. It showed his interest of Danish trade and naval power, but also permanently challenged the other Baltic powers, especially the Hanseatic cities against which he also fought. Another important event was his making Copenhagen a royal possession in 1417, thereby assuring its status as the capital of Denmark.
During the 1430s the policy of the king fell apart. The farmers and mine workers of Sweden began a national and a social rebellion in 1434 which was soon used by the Swedish nobility in order to weaken the power of the king. He had to yield to the demands of both the Holsteiners and the Hanseatic League. Norwegians under Amund Sigursson Bolt rebelled against King Erik and his officials. They succeeded and besieged Oslo and Akerhus Castle. When the Danish nobility opposing his rule and refused to ratify his choice of Duke Bugislaw of Pommerania as the next King of Denmark, he left Denmark and settled at his castle Visborg in Gotland, apparently a kind of a “royal strike” which led to his deposition by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.
For ten years Erik lived on Gotland and made his living by piracy against the merchant trade in the Baltic. Eventually the Danes forced him out of Gotland and he returned to Pommerania.
[edit] Duke of Pomerania
In 1440, Eric, having been deposed in Denmark and Sweden, was succeeded by his nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, who had been chosen for the thrones. After he had been deposed as king in Sweden and Denmark, the Norwegian Riksråd remained loyal to him, and wanted him to remain king of Norway only. He reputedly refused the offer. Christopher, his successor, died in 1448, long before Eric himself.
The next monarch (reigned 1448–81) was Eric's kinsman, Christian I of Denmark, who was the son of Eric's earlier rival, Count Theodoric of Oldenburg. To him Eric handed over Gotland in return for the permission to leave for Pomerania.
From 1449-59, Eric ruled the Duchy of Stolp (Słupsk)[1]), part of the Duchy of Pomerania, as Eric I. He died in 1459 at Rügenwalde Castle in Pomerania, and was buried in Rügenwalde.
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Inc. 1999.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
| Regnal titles | ||
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| Preceded by Margaret I as Queen regnant of Denmark & Queen regnant of Norway & Queen regnant of Sweden |
King of Denmark 1396–1439 with Margaret I (1396-1412) |
Succeeded by Christopher of Bavaria |
| King of Norway 1389–1442 with Margaret I (1389-1412) |
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| King of Sweden 1396–1434 with Margaret I (1396-1412) |
Succeeded by Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson as Regent of Sweden |
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| Preceded by Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson as Regent of Sweden |
King of Sweden 1435–1436 |
Succeeded by Karl Knutsson as Regent of Sweden |
| Preceded by Karl Knutsson as Regent of Sweden |
King of Sweden 1436–1439 |
Succeeded by Karl Knutsson as Regent of Sweden |
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