Duchy of Carinthia
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The Duchy of Carinthia (German: Herzogtum Kärnten; Slovene: Koroška) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 976 until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until it dissolved in 1918. In 1918, the majority of the duchy became the Austrian State of Carinthia, a smaller south-eastarn part (Slovene Carinthia and the commune of Jezersko) was included in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the Kanaltal (the municipalities of Tarvisio, Pontebba and Malborghetto Valbruna (Slovenian: Trbiž, Tablja, Naborjet - Ovčja vas)) were annexed to Italy.
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[edit] Carantania and medieval dynasties
In the 7th century it was part of the Principality of Carantania. It was part of the empire of Charlemagne from 788 to 843, when it became part of the eastern Frankish kingdom of Louis the German. From 889 to 976 it was the March of Carinthia.
In 976, Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor named once again separated duke for the Duchy of Karantanija and for the Duchy of Bavaria (they have the same duke for a couple of decades). In 995, Adalbero I of Eppenstein became margrave, in 1012 Duke of Carinthia. He was removed from office in 1035. In 1077, the country was given to Luitpold, another member of the Eppensteiner family, which, however, ended with the death of Henry II of Carinthia in 1122. At that time, a lot of territory in what is today Upper Styria passed to Ottokar II of Styria. The remainder of Carinthia passed to Henry III of the Spanheimer family. The last Spanheimer duke was Ulrich III, who chose Ottokar II of Bohemia as his heir. The last Spanheimer, Philipp, who was Archbishop of Salzburg, attempted to become duke but did not prevail against Ottokar in spite of being supported by Rudolf of Habsburg. He died in 1279.
[edit] Habsburgs
Rudolf, after defeating Ottokar and becoming King of Germany, gave Carinthia to Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol. In 1335, after the death of Henry, the last male of this line, Emperor Louis the Bavarian gave Carinthia and the southern part of the Tyrol as an imperial fief on May 2, 1335 in Linz to the Habsburg family who ruled it until 1918. As the other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy, Carinthia remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for a long time. The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, in the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564. Each time, the Duchy of Carinthia became part of Inner Austria and was ruled jointly with Styria and Carniola.
Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II attempted to create a more unitary Habsburg state, and in 1804, Carinthia was integrated into the Austrian Empire. In 1867, it became a Kronland of Cisleithania, the western part of Austria-Hungary. See History of Austria.
Over the centuries, German, which carried more prestige, expanded at the expense of Slovenian.
[edit] 20th century
Following the end of the First World War and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Carinthian Plebiscite was held on October 10, 1920 to determine the fate of Carinthia. The province was subsequently divided into a larger part that became part of Austria, while a smaller part became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, today in Slovenia.
The Austrian part of Carinthia (German: Kärnten) is now a federal state of Austria, and most of the Slovenian part of Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška) is an informal province in Slovenia. The Canal Valley around Tarvisio, part of Carinthia until 1918, became part of Italy.
[edit] Dukes of Carinthia
[edit] Various dynasties
- Henry I (985-989), again, Duke of Bavaria 983-985
- Henry II (989-995), also Duke of Bavaria 985-995
- Henry III (995-1002), also Duke of Bavaria 995-1005
House of Eppenstein
- Conrad II (1036-1039)
- Henry IV (1039-1047), also Duke of Bavaria 1026-1041 and Holy Roman Emperor 1046-1056
House of Eppenstein
[edit] House of Spanheim
- Henry III (1122-1124)
- Engelbert (1124-1134)
- Ulrich I (1134-1144)
- Henry IV (1144-1161)
- Herman (1161-1181)
- Ulrich II (1181-1201)
- Bernhard (1201-1256)
- Ulrich III (1256-1269)
[edit] Various dynasties
- Přemysl Otakar (1269-1276), also King of Bohemia 1253-1278
- Rudolph of Habsburg (1276-1286), also King of Germany 1273-1291
[edit] Gorizia-Tyrol
[edit] Habsburg
- Otto IV (1335-1339), jointly with his brother
- Frederick (1358-1362), jointly with his brother
- Albert III (1365-1395)
[edit] Leopoldinian Line
[edit] Habsburg territories reunified in 1458
- Maximilian I (1493-1519), also Holy Roman Emperor 1508-1519
- Charles I (1519-1521), also Holy Roman Emperor 1519-1556
- Ferdinand I (1521-1564), also Holy Roman Emperor 1558-1564
[edit] Inner Austrian Habsburgs
- Charles II (1564-1590)
- Ferdinand II (1590-1637), also Holy Roman Emperor 1619-1637
Carinthia was unified with the rest of the Habsburg territories again in 1619. See List of rulers of Austria
[edit] See also
- Carantania
- Carantanians
- Carinthian Slovenes
- History of Austria
- History of Slovenia
- Black panther (symbol)
[edit] External links
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