Dermot MacMurrough
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) |
| Reign: | 1126–1171 |
| Predecessor: | Enna MacMurrough |
| Successor: | Domhnall Caomhánach Mac Murchada |
| Date of Birth: | 1110 |
| Place of Birth: | Leinster, Ireland |
| Wives: | Mór Uí Thuathail, Sadhbh Ní Fhaoláin, Derbhforghaill Ni Mhaol Seachlainn |
| Buried: | Ferns, County Wexford |
| Date of Death: | 1171 |
| Parents: | Donnach MacMurrough and ? |
Diarmaid Mac Murchadha (also known as Diarmaid na nGall, "Dermot of the Foreigners", "Diarmaid Mac Murchadha"), anglicized as Dermot MacMurrough (died 1 January 1171) was the King of Leinster, and is often considered to have been the most notorious traitor in Irish history. Ousted as King of Leinster, he invited King Henry II of England to assist him in regaining the throne. The subsequent invasion led to Henry becoming Lord of Ireland himself, and marked the beginning of eight centuries of English dominance.
Contents |
[edit] Early Life and Family
Mac Murchadha was born in 1110, a son of Donnchadh, King of Leinster and Dublin; he was a descendant of Brian Boru. His father was killed in battle in 1115 by Dublin Vikings and was buried, in Dublin, along with the body of a dog - this was considered a huge insult.
Mac Murchada had two wives (as allowed under the Brehon Laws), the first of whom, Mór Uí Thuathail, was mother of Aoife of Leinster and Conchobhar Mac Murchadha. By Sadhbh of Uí Fhaoláin, he had a daughter named Órlaith who married Domhnall Mór, King of Munster. He had two legitimate sons, Domhnall Caomhánach (died 1175) and Éanna Ceannsealach (blinded 1169).
[edit] King of Leinster
After the death of his older brother, Mac Murchadha unexpectedly became King of Leinster. This was opposed by the then High King of Ireland, Toirdhealbhach Mac Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobhair who feared (rightly so) that Mac Murchadha would become a rival. King Toirdhealbhach sent one of his allied Kings, the belligerent Tiernan O'Rourke (Irish Tighearnán Ua Ruairc) to conquer Leinster and oust the young Mac Murchadha. O'Rourke went on a brutal campaign slaughtering the livestock of Leinster and thereby trying to starve the province's residents. Mac Murchadha was ousted from his throne, but was able to regain it with the help of Leinster clans in 1133. Afterwards followed two decades of an uneasy peace between Ua Conchobhair and Diarmaid. In 1152 he even assisted the High King raid the land of O'Rourke who had by then become a renegade. Mac Murchada also 'abducted' O'Rourke's wife Dearbhforghaill along with all her furniture and goods, with the aid of Dearbhforghaill's brother, a future pretender to the kingship of Meath. It was said that Dearbhforghaill was not exactly an unwilling prisoner and she remained in Ferns with MacMurrough, in comfort, for a number of years.
After the death of the famous High King Brian Boru in 1014, Ireland was at almost constant civil war for two centuries. After the fall of the O'Brien family (Brian Boru's descendants) from the Irish throne, the various families which ruled Ireland's four provinces were constantly fighting with one another for control of all of Ireland. At that time Ireland was like a federal kingdom, with five provinces (Ulster, Leinster, Munster and Connaught along with Meath, which was the seat of the High King) each ruled by kings who were all supposed to be loyal to the High King of Ireland.
[edit] Exile and Return
In 1166, Ireland's new High King and Mac Murchadha's only ally Muircheartach Ua Lochlainn had fallen, and a large coalition led by Tighearnán Ua Ruairc (Mac Murchadha's arch enemy) marched on Leinster. Ua Ruairc and his allies took Leinster with ease, and Mac Murchadha and his wife barely escaped with their lives. Mac Murchadha fled to Wales and from there to England and France, in order to find King Henry II and plead with him to be allowed recruit soldiers to bring back to Ireland and reclaim his Kingship. (It has been claimed that King Henry II had in his possession, the Papal Bull laudabiliter, which would entitle Henry to come to Ireland in order to deal with the renegade Christians. However, this papal bull is only mentioned by Gerard of Wales, and may have been fictitious.) On returning to Wales, he sought the abode of Robert Fitzstephen, who helped him organize a mercenary army of Norman and Welsh soldiers to retrieve his kingship. Among them were Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, alias Strongbow, who married Mac Murchadha's daughter, Aoife of Leinster, in 1170.
In his absence Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobhair (son of Mac Murchadha's former enemy, High King Toirdhealbhach) had become the new High King of Ireland. Mac Murchadha planned not only to retake Leinster, but to oust the Uí Conchobhair clan and become the High King of Ireland himself. He quickly retook Dublin, Ossory and the former Viking settlement of Waterford, and within a short time had all of Leinster in his control again.
He then marched on Tara (then Ireland's capital) to oust Ruaidhrí. Mac Murchadha gambled that Ruaidhrí would not hurt the Leinster hostages which he had (including Mac Murchadha's eldest son, Conchobhar Mac Murchadha). However Ua Ruairc forced his hand and they were all killed.
Diarmaid's army lost the battle. He sent word to Wales and pleaded with Strongbow to come to Ireland as soon as possible. When Strongbow did arrive in Wexford, along with his Welsh and Norman cavalry, took over both Waterford and Wexford. They marched on Dublin. MacMurrough was devastated after the death of his son, Domhnall, he retreated to Ferns and died a few months later.
Although in modern Irish history Diarmaid Mac Murchadha is often seen as a traitor, his intention was not to aid an English invasion of Ireland, but rather to use Henry's assistance to become the High King of Ireland himself. He had no way of knowing Henry II's ambitions on Ireland.
Gerald of Wales, a Cambro-Norman historian who visited Ireland and whose uncles and cousins were prominent soldiers in the army of Strongbow, said of Mac Murchadha:
- "Now Dermot was a man tall of stature and stout of frame; a soldier whose heart was in the fray, and held valiant among his own nation. From often shouting his battle-cry his voice had become hoarse. A man who liked better to be feared by all than loved by any. One who would oppress his greater vassals, while he raised to high station men of lowly birth. A tyrant to his own subjects, he was hated by strangers; his hand was against every man, and every man's hand against him."
[edit] Death and Descendants
After the invasion the Normans conquered Ireland by playing one Irish family off against another. Ua Conchobhair was soon ousted, first as High King and eventually as King of Connaught. Attempting to regain his provincial kingdom, he turned to the English as Mac Murchadha had before him. By 1171, England directly controlled a small territory in Ireland surrounding the city of Dublin known as "the Pale", and the city of Waterford, while the rest of Ireland was divided between Norman and Welsh barons sent by the English, and the various Irish Clans (like the Uí Conchobhair who retained Connaught and the Uí Néill who retained most of Ulster).
Subsequently most of the ruling Norman families began to intermarry with the Irish. Eventually they allied with Irish clans against England, adopted the Irish language and as the English put it "became more Irish than the Irish themselves" prompting a second English invasion centuries later.
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
- Annals of the Four Masters, ed. J. O'Donovan; 1990 edition.
- Expungntio Hibernica, by Geraldus Cambrensis. Martin & Moody, editors.
- Irish Kings and High Kings, Francis J. Byrne, 1973.
- The Norman Invasion of Ireland, by Richard Roache, 1998.
- War, Politics and the Irish of Leinster 1156-160, Emmett O'Byrne, 2004.
- Gerald of Wales
- 'Diarmait & Strongbow' akajava films (2005) TV documentary for TG4 (Irl)
- Dermot MacMurrough, Nicholas Furlong.
- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 66-26, 175-6
[edit] Source for Genealogy
- Uí Cheinnselaig Kings of Laigin, "Irish Kings and High Kings" by Francis J. Byrne, page 290, Dublin, 1973.
- The MacMurrough-Kavanagh kings of Leinster, "War, Politics and the Irish of Leinster", Emmett O'Byrne, Dublin, 2004, Outline Genealogies I, Ia, Ib,, pages 247-249.
