Victoriano Huerta
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| Victoriano Huerta | |
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| In office February 18, 1913 – July 15, 1914 |
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| Preceded by | Pedro Lascuráin |
| Succeeded by | Francisco S. Carvajal |
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| Born | March 23, 1854 Colotlán, Jalisco |
| Died | January 13, 1916 (aged 65) El Paso, Texas, USA |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Political party | No Party |
| Spouse | Emilia Águila |
José Victoriano Huerta Ortega (Colotlán, Jalisco, December 22, 1850,[1] – January 13, 1916 in El Paso, Texas) was a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico.
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[edit] Early Life
Victoriano Huerta was born in the town of Colotlán, Jalisco, son of Jesús Huerta and Refugio Márquez who were of Mestizo descent. He entered the Mexican Army at the age of 17, distinguished himself and gained admission to the Military Academy at Chapultepec under the express guidance of President Diaz.
[edit] Military Career
During the Porfirio Díaz administration he rose to the rank of general, and fought to subdue the Chan Santa Cruz Maya people of Yucatán and against the rebels of Emiliano Zapata.[citation needed] On the eve of the 1910 Revolution against the long established Díaz regime, Huerta was involved in the innocuous project of reforming the uniforms of the Federal Army.
After Díaz went into exile Huerta initially pledged allegiance to the new administration of Francisco Madero, and he was retained by the Madero administration and crushed anti-Madero revolts by rebel generals such as Pascual Orozco. However, Huerta secretly plotted with U.S. ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, cashiered general Bernardo Reyes, and Félix Díaz, Porfirio Díaz's nephew, to overthrow Madero. This episode in Mexican history is known as La decena trágica.
Following a confused few days of fighting in Mexico City between loyalist and rebel factions of the Army, on February 18, 1913 Huerta had Madero and vice-president José María Pino Suárez seized and briefly imprisoned in the National Palace. The conspirators then met at the US Embassy to sign el Pacto de la Embajada (The Embassy Pact), which provided for Madero and Pino Suárez's exile and Huerta's takeover of the Mexican government.
[edit] Political Career
To give the coup the appearance of legitimacy, Huerta had foreign minister Pedro Lascuráin assume the presidency; under the 1857 Constitution of Mexico, the foreign minister stood third in line for the presidency behind the vice-president and attorney general. Madero's attorney general had also been ousted in the coup. Lascuráin then appointed Huerta as interior minister--constitutionally, fourth in line for the presidency. After less than an hour in office (some sources say as little as 15 minutes), Lascuráin resigned, handing the presidency to Huerta. At a late-night special session of Congress surrounded by Huerta's troops, the legislators endorsed his assumption of power. Four days later Madero and Pino Suárez were taken from the Palacio Nacional to prison at night and shot by officers of the rurales (federal mounted police) who were assumed to be acting on Huerta's orders.
Huerta established a harsh military dictatorship. US President Woodrow Wilson became hostile to the Huerta administration, recalled ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, and demanded Huerta step aside for democratic elections. When Huerta refused, and with the situation further exacerbated by the Tampico Affair, President Wilson landed US troops to occupy Mexico's most important seaport, Veracruz.
The reaction to the Huerta usurpation was Venustiano Carranza's Plan of Guadalupe, calling for the creation of a Constitutional Army, for Huerta's ouster, and for the restoration of constitutional government. Supporters of the plan included Zapata, Pancho Villa and Álvaro Obregón. After repeated field defeats of Huerta's Federal Army by Obregón and Villa, climaxing in the Battle of Zacatecas, Huerta bowed to pressure and resigned the presidency on July 15, 1914.
[edit] Exile and Late Life
He went into exile, first traveling to Kingston, Jamaica, aboard the German cruiser SMS Dresden. From there, he moved to England, then Spain, then to the United States. He was discovered to be plotting to return to power in Mexico — in both Spain and Washington, he had been negotiating with German agents to secure the Kaiser's support for another attempt at a coup d'état. He was arrested in Newman, New Mexico, USA, on June 27, 1915 together with Pascual Orozco and charged with conspiracy to violate US neutrality laws. After some time in a US Army prison at Fort Bliss, for a while he was released on bail but remained under house arrest due to risk of flight to Mexico. Later he returned to jail, and while so confined, he died of cirrhosis of the liver.
Huerta is still vilified by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as El Chacal — "The Jackal".
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Huerta on gob.mx/kids
[edit] References
- ^ This date is in dispute. Many sources give March 23, 1854. However, Encyclopædia Britanica has given December 23 from the 1911 edition through the current edition. The parish baptism register of Colotlán, Jalisco as indexed by FamilySearch shows December 22, 1850. The Spanish, French, German and other Wikipedias also give December 22.
| Preceded by Pedro Lascuráin |
(Interim) President of Mexico 1913–1914 |
Succeeded by Francisco S. Carvajal For Venustiano Carranza |
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