Vegetarianism in specific countries
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Around the world vegetarianism is viewed in different lights. In some areas there is cultural and even legal support, where in others the diet is poorly understood or even frowned upon. In many countries (such as India) food labeling is in place which makes it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets. In others such as Spain a request for a vegetarian meal may result in one being served tuna or a vegetable soup made with meat stock.
Contents |
[edit] Asia
[edit] China
In China, although still a fairly rare practice, vegetarianism has been around since at least the 7th Century and has been practised by devout Buddhists. In recent years, it has seen a new resurgence in the cities as middle class Chinese pay new attention to issues of health and diet.[1]
[edit] India
In India vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism, although lacto-ovo vegetarianism is practiced as well. Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either "Non-Vegetarian", "Vegetarian" or "Pure Vegetarian" (lacto vegetarian). Vegetarian restaurants abound, and usually many vegetarian (Shakahari: plant-eater, in Hindi) options are available. Animal based ingredients (other than milk and honey) such as lard, gelatin and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine.
According to the 2006 Hindu-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 31% of Indians are vegetarians, while another 9% consumes eggs. Among the various communities, vegetarianism was most common among Jains, Brahmins at 55%, and less frequent among Muslims (3%) and residents of coastal states respectively. Other surveys cited by FAO [2], and USDA [3][4] estimate 20%-42% of the Indian population as being vegetarian. These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat, do so infrequently, with less than 30% consuming it regularly; although the reasons are partially economical.
India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients, with a green dot in a green square. A mark of a red dot in a red square conveys that some animal based ingredients were used [5]. Even medicines are similarly marked: a well-known Omega-3 capsule made from flax seeds is marked with a red dot as the capsule uses non-vegetarian ingredients.[citation needed]
Recent growth in India's organized retail has also been hit by some controversy. Strict vegetarians are demanding meatless supermarkets [6]
[edit] Israel
In Israel, practicing ovo-lacto-vegetarianism is relatively easy, due to Jewish dietary laws, or kosher laws. Kosher food cannot contain pork or shellfish, and meat and dairy cannot be combined in any way. As a result, most kosher restaurants serve either only dairy or only meat, along with bread, vegetables, fruits, etc. Fish, however, is not considered to be meat under Jewish laws, so it may be served in "dairy" restaurants. Nonetheless, the "dairy" restaurants are usually a very safe bet for ovo-lacto-vegetarians.
For vegans, falafel, hummus, and other plant-based Mediterranean foods are a good option. They can be easily found almost anywhere in Israel, and are very popular among Israelis. Additionally, all products marked as "Kosher-Parve" are usually suitable for vegans as this labeling means that there are no milk or animal ingredients in the product. However, Parve products may contain eggs or fish ingredients, which are not suitable for vegans. Challah and some other kinds of bread also contain eggs.
In Israel there is also one completely vegetarian moshav (village) - Amirim.
See also: Vegetarianism in Judaism.
[edit] Australia
In Australia some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market will label their foods with the statement 'suitable for vegetarians', however, except for foods intended for export to the UK this labelling can be inconsistent. Flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin. As such, natural flavour could be derived from either plant or animal sources. Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets. "Vegetarian Week" runs from 01 - 07 October every year[2] and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat free alternatives of popular dishes including Sausages and Mash and Spaghetti Bolognese. [7]
[edit] Europe
The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform, and some local vegetarians are not aware that many products they consume contain ingredients of animal origins, such as rennet, gelatin and more. However most food producers within the UK providing meat free food will go out of their way to create vegetarian society approved food to cater for the ever growing market.
Virtually all hard cheeses in continental Europe contain animal rennet with the vegetarian form not very widespread or well known.[citation needed] As awareness grows, so does availability, and in most major cities in Western Europe it is quite common to find vegetarian products including cheese, in particular the UK where now the majority of cheeses for sale will be approved by the vegetarian society.
In the United Kingdom increasing numbers of the British population have adopted vegetarianism since the end of World War II, especially since the BSE crisis of the 1990s. As of 2003 it was estimated that there were between 3 and 4 million vegetarians in the UK[3] one of the highest percentages in the western world,[citation needed] and around 7 million people claim to eat no red meat[4]
Voluntary labeling of vegetarian foods is widespread but far from universal. Many manufacturers label food as "suitable for vegetarians" but until recently no universally agreed definition existed. The Food Standards Agency issued guidance on the labeling of foods as suitable for vegetarians in 2006 which includes the following definition: "The term 'vegetarian' should not be applied to foods that are, or are made from or with the aid of, products derived from animals that have died, have been slaughtered, or animals that die as a result of being eaten. Animals means farmed, wild or domestic animals, including for example, livestock poultry, game, fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, tunicates, echinoderms, mollusks and insects." [5]
In addition, the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its strict criteria can be labeled "Vegetarian Society approved". Cheese is often labeled as well, making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with non-animal rennet. Flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they are derived from animals, which can make identifying vegetarian foods difficult if they are not otherwise labeled as such, for example with the "Vegetarian Society approved" label. The Vegetarian Society regards a product as vegetarian if it is free of meat, fowl, fish, shellfish, meat or bone stock, animal or carcass fats, gelatin, aspic, or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter, such as rennet.[6]
In Ireland, food labeling is in place.
In Spain, most "vegetarian" meals will be served with egg, or even tuna, even if vegetarians are not that uncommon; however, most food companies and markets simply do not care about it.. Vegans are almost non-existent in Spain, outnumbered instead by "strict vegetarians" which do not eat animal food but can use animal byproducts (leather, silk, wool)
In France the situation is similar to that in Spain, but is slightly more favourable to vegetarians.
In Germany, the confusion of vegetarianism with pescetarianism/pollotarianism is common. There is no food labeling in place, and buying vegetarian foods can involve reading the fine print ingredients list ("Zutaten") on many food products. However, widespread whole foods stores provide vegetarian foods even in remote areas.
In Norway, conditions are similar to Germany, except pollotarianism is largely unknown and organic foods stores are less widespread. Ovo-lacto-vegetarians make up 1–2% of the population, and food targeted for vegetarians is sold mainly in health food stores and supermarkets that focus on selection. Most restaurants will have one or two vegetarian entries on the menu, or at least produce something on request.
In Sweden, the situation is similar to that in Norway but it is easier to find vegetarian food. Almost all food stores and supermarkets have one or two brands of vegetarian food, besides that in the health department. Most restaurants will serve something vegetarian on demand, although traditional Swedish dishes have little to offer vegetarians.
- See also: List of Dutch vegetarians
In The Netherlands (Holland) in supermarkets and stores it is necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal-originated ingredients. It is very common for restaurants and local stores to mistakenly present their products as Vegetarian even though they contain rennet (virtually all Dutch hard cheeses contain animal rennet) or items such as gelatine and fish sauce, among others. The bio-industry is fast growing and in bio or health food stores awareness is much higher and items are usually correctly categorized.
[edit] North America
[edit] USA
In the United States, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism. However, vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians/pollotarians who will tolerate some meat. Vegetarian items in markets are rarely listed as vegetarian, and people who wish to consume only vegetarian foods must read the listed ingredients. However, some things, such as the Kosher mark on dairy products, provide a shortcut to determining certain foods are meatless (in this case, since Kosher means dairy and meat cannot be mixed, the dairy product therefore is likely to be meatless). Some restaurants and caterers provide vegetarian options to patrons, sometimes explicitly indicated as such. Polls find that 2.8% of Americans are vegetarian as of 2004 and the vegetarian and vegan population appears likely to increase. [7]. In addition, vegetarianism in the United States generally reflects regional cultural differences. It is more difficult to find vegetarian options in rural restaurants than in urban ones. The same applies to Midwestern city restaurants compared to West Coast restaurants. Restaurants that cater specifically to vegans are rare outside places like New York City, parts of the Northeast, and the West Coast. This seems to be slowly changing as vegetarian market innovations (such as veggie burgers) attain wider acceptance, demand, and distribution.
Vegetarian and vegan meals and dishes have become increasingly available in most grocery stores.
A 2002 poll of American adults[8] found the following reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle:
| Most important reason for becoming a vegetarian | |
|---|---|
| Health | 32% |
| Because of chemicals and hormones in meat products | 15% |
| Don't like the taste of meat | 13% |
| Love of animals | 11% |
| Animal rights | 10% |
| Religious reasons | 6% |
| Concern for the planet | 4% |
| To lose weight | 3% |
| To reduce hunger and famine worldwide | 1% |
[edit] South America
In South America, conditions are generally similar to those in Spain. Vegetarianism is uncommon and vegetarian food is difficult to find.
[edit] Brazil
Only in large cities is it possible to find vegetarian food, mostly in self-service restaurants.
[edit] References
- ^ Vegetarianism now a popular diet. 2006-05-17
- ^ "Food For Thought", May. 06, 2008, "National Vegetarian Week" on NVW http://www.vegetarianweek.com.au/
- ^ The Vegetarian Society. The History of vegetarianism in the UK. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
- ^ European Vegetarian Union. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
- ^ Food Standards Agency, Thursday 06 April 2006, "Guidance on the use of the terms ‘vegetarian’ and ‘vegan’ in food labelling" http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/guidancenotes/labelregsguidance/vegiguidancenotes
- ^ The Vegetarian Society (last accessed 2006/08/14) "The Seedling Symbol: The original and only one to trust" http://www.vegsoc.org/business/corporate/symbintro.html
- ^ Tatge, Mark, Sept. 17, 2004, "Vegetarian foods plant stronger sales: No signs of slowing down for growing industry" on MSNBC http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6008949/
- ^ TIME/CNN POLL: Reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle [1]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
