Tycho (crater)
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| Crater characteristics | |
 credit: NASA |
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| Coordinates | 43.3° S, 11.2° W |
|---|---|
| Diameter | 85 km |
| Depth | 4.8 km |
| Colongitude | 12° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Tycho Brahe |
Tycho is a prominent lunar impact crater located in the southern lunar highlands, named after the danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. To the south is Street crater; to the east Pictet, and to the north-northeast is Sasserides crater. The surface around Tycho is replete with craters of various differing radii, many overlapping still older craters. Some of the smaller craters are secondary craters formed from larger chunks of ejecta from Tycho.
Tycho is a (relatively) very young crater, with an estimated age of 108 million years (Ma), based on analysis of samples of the crater rays recovered during the Apollo 17 mission. This age suggests that the impactor may have been a member of the Baptistina family of asteroids, but as the composition of the impactor is unknown this is currently conjecture. However, simulation studies give a 70% probability that the crater was created by a fragment from the same break-up that created asteroid 298 Baptistina.[1] A larger asteroid from the same family may have been the impactor responsible for creating Chicxulub Crater on Earth 65 million years ago (mya), and causing the extinction of the dinosaurs.
The crater is sharply defined and free of the wear that affects older craters. The interior has a high albedo that is prominent when the sun is overhead, and the crater is surrounded by a distinctive ray system forming long spokes that reach as long as 1,500 kilometers. Sections of these rays can be observed even when Tycho is only illuminated by earthlight.
The ramparts beyond the rim have a lower albedo than the interior for a distance of over a hundred kilometers, and are free of the ray markings that lie beyond. This darker rim may have been formed from minerals excavated during the impact.
Its inner wall is slumped and terraced, sloping down to a rough but nearly flat floor exhibiting small, knobby domes. The floor displays signs of past volcanism, most likely from rock melt caused by the impact. Detailed photographs of the floor show that it is covered in a criss-crossing array of cracks and small hills. The central peaks rise 1.6 kilometers above the floor, and a lesser peak stands just to the northeast of the primary massif.
Infrared observations of the lunar surface during an eclipse have demonstrated that Tycho cools at a slower rate than other parts of the surface, making the crater a "hot spot". This effect is caused by the difference in materials that cover the crater.
The rim of this crater was chosen as the target of the Surveyor 7 mission. The robotic spacecraft safely touched down north of the crater in January 1968. The craft performed chemical measurements of the surface, finding a composition different from the maria. From this one of the main components of the highlands was theorized to be anorthosite, an aluminium-rich mineral. The crater was also imaged in great detail by the Orbiter V.
From the 1950s through the 1990s, NASA aerodynamicist Dean Chapman and others advanced the "lunar origin" theory of tektites. Chapman used complex orbital computer models and extensive wind tunnel tests to support the theory that the so-called Australasian tektites originated from the Rosse ejecta ray of Tycho. Until the Rosse ray is sampled, a lunar origin for these tektites cannot be ruled out.
This crater was drawn on lunar maps as early as 1645, when Antonius Maria Schyrleus de Rheita depicted the bright ray system.
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[edit] Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on Lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Tycho crater.
| Tycho | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 39.9° S | 12.0° W | 31 km |
| B | 43.9° S | 13.9° W | 13 km |
| C | 44.3° S | 13.7° W | 7 km |
| D | 45.6° S | 14.0° W | 27 km |
| E | 42.2° S | 13.5° W | 14 km |
| F | 40.9° S | 13.1° W | 16 km |
| H | 45.2° S | 15.8° W | 8 km |
| J | 42.5° S | 15.3° W | 11 km |
| K | 45.1° S | 14.3° W | 6 km |
| P | 45.3° S | 13.0° W | 8 km |
| Q | 42.5° S | 15.9° W | 21 km |
| R | 41.8° S | 13.6° W | 5 km |
| S | 43.4° S | 16.1° W | 3 km |
| T | 41.2° S | 12.5° W | 14 km |
| U | 41.0° S | 13.8° W | 19 km |
| V | 41.7° S | 15.3° W | 4 km |
| W | 43.2° S | 15.3° W | 19 km |
| X | 43.8° S | 15.2° W | 13 km |
| Y | 44.1° S | 15.8° W | 19 km |
| Z | 43.1° S | 16.2° W | 24 km |
[edit] Origin
An article published in Astronomy Magazine [1] says that the asteroid that created Tycho probably originated from a large asteroid collision event, believed to have occurred 160 million years ago in the asteroid belt, that resulted in the formation of the asteroid known as 298 Baptistina which is only the largest of a family of asteroids called the Baptistina family. The article says that the asteroid that created Tycho is probably a member of this group along with the asteroid that caused the extinction of the dinosuars at the K-T boundary.
[edit] Fictional references
Tycho crater was the location of the Tycho Magnetic Anomaly (TMA-1), and subsequent excavation of an alien monolith, in the seminal science-fiction film and book 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke. One of the Clavius Base scientists made the prophetic assessment that the monolith "appears to have been deliberately buried."
It also serves as the location of "Tycho City" in Star Trek: First Contact; a lunar metropolis by the 24th century.
In Robert A. Heinlein's book, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, Tycho crater is the location of the lunar habitat "Tycho Under".
In the film Men in Black, the character K, played by Tommy Lee Jones, informs an alien bug that it is in violation of "section 4153 of the Tycho Treaty," presumably a treaty signed on Tycho.
[edit] Gallery
 March 2007 lunar eclipse. The advancing shadow of Earth brings out detail on the lunar surface. The huge ray system emanating from Tycho is shown as the dominant feature on the southern hemisphere. |
[edit] See also
- Tycho Brahe (crater) (on Mars)
- http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/Tycho The-Moon Wiki - Tycho (crater)
[edit] References
- ^ "Breakup event in the main asteroid belt likely caused dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago", Physorg, September 5, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
- Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A., (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
- Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
- Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81528-2.
- Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 0-936389-27-3.
- McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). Lunar Nomenclature. Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved on 2007-10-24.
- Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by The Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews 12: 136.
- Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-304-35469-4.
- Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521335000.
- Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 0-913135-17-8.
- Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes, 6th revision, Dover. ISBN 0-486-20917-2.
- Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62248-4.
- Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 1852331933.
