Traceability

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Traceability refers to the completeness of the information about every step in a process chain.

The formal definition: Traceability is ability to chronologically interrelate the uniquely identifiable entities in a way that is verifiable.

Traceability is the ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of documented recorded identification.[1]


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[edit] Measurement

The term traceability is used to refer to an unbroken chain of comparisons relating an instrument's measurements to a known standard. Calibration to a traceable standard can be used to determine an instrument's bias, precision, and accuracy.

In many countries, national standards for weights and measures are maintained by a National Measurement Institute (NMI) which provides the highest level of standards for the calibration / traceability infrastructure in that country. Examples of government agencies are the National Physical Laboratory, UK (NPL) the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the USA, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany. As defined by NIST, "Traceability requires the establishment of an unbroken chain of comparisons to stated references each with a stated uncertainty."

[edit] Logistics

In logistics, traceability refers to the capability for tracing goods along the distribution chain on a batch number or series number basis. Traceability is an important aspect for example in the automotive industry, where it makes recalls possible, or in the food industry where it contributes to food safety. See Tracking and tracing.

[edit] Materials

In materials, traceability refers to the capability to associate a finished part with destructive test results performed on material from the same ingot with the same heat treatment. Destructive tests typically include chemical composition and mechanical strength tests. A heat number is usually marked on the part or raw material which identifies the ingot it came from, and a lot number may identify the group of parts that experienced the same heat treatment. (i.e. were in the same oven at the same time.) Material traceability is important to the aerospace, nuclear, and process industry because they frequently make use of high strength materials that look identical to commercial low strength versions. In these industries, a part made of the wrong material is called "counterfeit," even if the substitution was accidental.

[edit] Software

In software development, the term traceability (or Requirements Traceability) refers to the ability to link requirements back to stakeholders' rationales and forward to corresponding design artifacts, code,and test cases. Traceability supports numerous software engineering activities such as change impact analysis, compliance verification of code, regression test selection, and requirements validation. It is usually accomplished in the form of a matrix created for the verification and validation of the project. Unfortunately the practice of constructing and maintaining a requirements trace matrix [RTM] can be very arduous and over time the traces tend to erode into an inaccurate state. Alternate automated approaches for generating traces using information retrieval methods have been developed.

[edit] Blood

In blood transfusion practice, the term traceability relates to the requirement for a continuous audit trail accounting for the whereabouts of a blood product and its current status in terms of processing, testing, storage, etc. at all points from initial collection from a donor right through to either transfusion to a recipient or disposal. This is particularly important with regards to prevention of transfusion-transmitted infection, and is a legal requirement in many countries including all member states of the European Union.

In transaction processing software, traceability implies use of a unique piece of data (e.g., order date/time or a serialized sequence number) which can be traced through the entire software flow of all relevant application programs. Messages and files at any point in the system can then be audited for correctness and completeness, using the traceability key to find the particular transaction. This is also sometimes referred to as the transaction footprint.

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Glossary," ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Article NCA-9000

[edit] External links