Timeline of space travel by nationality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Since the first human spaceflight by the Soviet Union, citizens of 39 countries have flown in space. For each nationality, the launch date of the first mission is listed. The list is based on the nationality of the person at the time of the spaceflight. Only three of the first thirty-nine flyers have been women (Sharman in 1991, Ansari in 2006, Yi in 2008). Note: All dates given are UTC.
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[edit] Notes
- a The first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin had citizenship of both the USSR and the Russian SFSR according the Constitution of the USSR. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up into Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. At the time of the breakup, Sergei Krikalev and Alexander Volkov were orbiting Earth on Mir, having gone into orbit as Soviet citizens. They returned to Earth as Russian citizens. Kaleri and Viktorenko were the first Russians to go into orbit after the Soviet breakup.
- e Under Fédération Aéronautique Internationale rules, the Vostok missions are not true spaceflights, as cosmonauts did not land with the spacecraft but ejected and landed separately. The first Soviet mission that did fulfill this requirement was Voskhod 1. (Reference: FAI Astronautic Records Commission - Sporting Code Section 8 (PDF). Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Retrieved on 2006-04-09.) However, despite this issue, the FAI does recognize Yuri Gagarin as the first person to complete a spaceflight. (Reference: FAI Award: The Yuri A. Gagarin Gold Medal. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.)
- a Shepard's spaceflight was suborbital. The first American to go into orbit was John Glenn, on February 20, 1962.
- a In 1993, Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
- a In 1978, both Jähn himself and the socialist authorities of the GDR (a.k.a. East Germany) pronounced him the "first German in space", rather than the first "GDR citizen", as usual. In 1990, the states of the GDR acceded to Federal Republic of Germany (previously a.k.a. West Germany). On January 22, 1992, Ulf Merbold again traveled into space, now representing the enlarged Germany. Jähn is nevertheless still considered the first German in space in united Germany today.
- a Ilan Ramon was the first Israeli to go into space but he died during reentry. This was not a complete spaceflight under FAI rules.
- a Although recognized as an Iranian citizen by Iranian law, Ansari is also an American citizen and was prohibited from wearing Iranian state symbols by both the United States and Russian governments.
[edit] Other claims
The above list uses the nationality at the time of launch. Lists with differing criteria might include the following people:
- Pavel Popovich, first launched August 12, 1962, was the first Ukrainian-born man in space. At the time, Ukraine was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Vladimir Shatalov, first launched January 14, 1969, was the first Kazakh-born man in space. At the time, Kazakhstan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Bill Pogue, first launched November 16, 1973, as an inductee to the 5 Civilized Tribes Hall of Fame can lay claim to being the first Native American in space. See John Herrington below regarding technicality of tribal registration.
- Pyotr Klimuk, first launched December 18, 1973, was the first Belorussian-born man in space. At the time, Belarus was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Vladimir Dzhanibekov, first launched March 16, 1978, was the first Uzbek-born man in space. At the time, Uzbekistan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Paul D. Scully-Power, first launched October 5, 1984, was born in Australia, but was an American citizen when he went into space.
- Taylor Gun-Jin Wang, first launched April 29, 1985, was born in China to Chinese parents, but was an American citizen when he went into space.
- Lodewijk van den Berg, first launched April 29, 1985, was born in The Netherlands, but was an American citizen when he went into space.
- Patrick Baudry, first launched June 17, 1985, was born in French Cameroun (now part of Cameroon), but was a French citizen when he went into space.
- Shannon Lucid, first launched June 17, 1985, was born in China to American parents of European descent, and was an American citizen when she went into space.
- Franklin Chang-Diaz, first launched January 12, 1986, was born in Costa Rica, but was an American citizen when he went into space.
- Musa Manarov, first launched December 21, 1987, was the first Azerbaijan-born man in space. At the time, Azerbaijan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Anatoly Solovyev, first launched June 7, 1988, was the first Latvian-born man in space. At the time, Latvia was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- Toktar Aubakirov, first launched October 2, 1991, was the first ethnic Kazakh to go into space.
- Andy Thomas, first launched May 19, 1996, was born in Australia, but was an American citizen when he went into space.
- Carlos I. Noriega, first launched May 15, 1997, was born in Peru, but was an American citizen when he went into space.
- Bjarni Tryggvason, first launched August 7, 1997, was born in Iceland, but was a Canadian citizen when he went into space.
- Salizhan Sharipov, first launched January 22, 1998, was born in Kyrgyzstan (then the Kirghiz SSR), but was a Russian citizen when he went into space. Sharipov is of Uzbek ancestry.
- Philippe Perrin, first launched June 5, 2002, was born in Morocco, but was a French citizen when he went into space.
- John Herrington, an American citizen first launched November 24, 2002, is the first tribal registered Native American in space (Chickasaw). See also Bill Pogue above.
- Fyodor Yurchikhin, first launched October 7, 2002, was born in Georgia (then the Georgian SSR). He was a Russian citizen at the time he went into space and is of Pontian Greek descent.
[edit] See also
- List of human spaceflights
- List of astronauts by name
- List of space travelers by name
- List of space travelers by nationality
- Spaceflight records
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