Tax resistance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax, or to some of that institution’s policies. Often tax resistance has come from pacifists, conscientious objectors or members of religious groups, such as the Quakers, who choose not to fund violent government activities. It has also been a technique used by nonviolent resistance movements, such as India’s campaign for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Unlike tax protesters who deny that the legal obligation to pay taxes exists or applies, tax resisters typically recognize that the law commands them to pay taxes but still choose to resist taxation.
Contents |
[edit] History of tax resistance
[edit] Motives
Tax resisters are typically motivated by disagreement with the policies of the government or institution that is collecting the tax. This may include opposing that government or institution entirely, and not just specific policies (for instance, Gandhi’s opposition to British Imperial rule).
Anarchists who resist taxes oppose anybody or any institution that demands tribute. Christian anarchists in the pacifist tradition resist taxes that fund a violent civil defence force or military. Some people suggest that a right to deny tax payments is in the spirit of democracy, giving people a veto right and forcing government spending to be done with the consent of the governed.
What a tax resister hopes to accomplish may be personal or political or some combination of those two. Some tax resisters want to “wash their hands” of complicity in immoral government policies by not contributing to funding them. Some resist taxes as a form of protest that communicates the strength of their opposition through an act of civil disobedience. Some see tax resistance as a form of nonviolent political force – cutting off funds from the government as part of a campaign to force concessions from that government or to cause it to relinquish control.
[edit] Methods
There are many methods of tax resistance. In war-tax resistance circles in the United States it is sometimes remarked that there are as many ways to practice tax resistance as there are resisters.
[edit] Redirection
Some tax resisters refuse to pay all or a portion of the taxes due, but make an equivalent donation to charity. In this way, they demonstrate that the intent of their resistance is not selfish and that they want to use a portion of their earnings to contribute to the common good.
For instance, Julia Butterfly Hill resisted about $150,000 in federal taxes, and donated that money to after school programs, arts and cultural programs, community gardens, programs for Native Americans, alternatives to incarceration, and environmental protection programs. She said:
I actually take the money that the IRS says goes to them and I give it to the places where our taxes should be going. And in my letter to the IRS I said: “I’m not refusing to pay my taxes. I’m actually paying them but I’m paying them where they belong because you refuse to do so.”[1]
Groups like the National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund (United States), Peace Tax Seven (United Kingdom), Netzwerk-Friedenssteuer (Germany), and Conscience and Peace Tax International work to legalize a form of conscientious objection to military taxation which would enable conscientious objectors to designate their taxes to be spent only on non-military budget items.[2] They see this as a legalized form of war tax redirection.
[edit] Refusing specific taxes
Some resisters resist only certain taxes, either because those taxes are especially noxious to them, or because they present a useful symbolic target, or because they are more easily resisted.
For instance, in the United States, many war tax resisters resist the telephone federal excise tax. The tax was initiated to pay for the Spanish-American War and has frequently been raised or extended by the government during times of war. This made it an attractive symbolic target as a “war tax”. Such refusal is relatively safe: because this tax is typically small, resistance very rarely triggers significant government retaliation. Phone companies will cooperate with such resisters by removing the excise tax from their phone bills and reporting their resistance to the government.[3]
[edit] Refusing to pay
The most dramatic and characteristic method of tax resistance is to refuse to pay a tax – either by quietly ignoring the tax bill or by openly declaring the refusal to pay.
Some tax resisters resist only a portion of the taxes due. For instance, some war tax resisters refuse to pay a percentage of their taxes equivalent to the military percentage of the government’s budget.
Other resisters withhold a symbolic amount – for instance, in the United States, some might hold back $17.76/17.76% (symbolic of the revolutionary year 1776) or $10.40/10.4% (in tribute to Form 1040, which is used in federal income tax returns).
[edit] Paying under protest
Some taxpayers pay their taxes, but include protest letters along with their tax forms. Others pay in a protesting form – for instance, by writing their check on a toilet seat or a mock-up of a missile. Others pay in a way that creates inconvenience for the collector – for instance, by paying the entire amount in low-denomination coins.
[edit] Tax avoidance
A resister may lower the tax due by using legal tax avoidance techniques.
[edit] Tax evasion
A resister may lower the tax due through illegal tax evasion. For instance, one way to avoid the income tax is to participate in the underground economy – earning money that is never declared to the government.
[edit] Reducing expenditure and income
Other tax resisters change their lives and lifestyles so that they owe less tax. For instance; to avoid an excise tax on alcohol, a resister might home-brew beer; to avoid excise taxes on gasoline, a resister might take up bicycling; to avoid income tax, a resister might decide to take in less income and take up a simple living or freegan lifestyle; and so forth.
These methods differ from tax evasion in that they stay within the tax laws, and they differ from tax avoidance in that the goal is to pay as little tax as possible rather than to keep as much post-tax income as possible.
[edit] Arguments for tax resistance
There are a variety of arguments made for tax resistance. Some of the arguments are as follows:
- The government has no legitimate claim to the fruits of one’s labor and so taxation is tantamount to theft or slavery.
- The government engages in immoral, unethical and destructive activities, such as war or capital punishment, and paying taxes inevitably funds these activities.
- The government is non-legitimate i.e. the rulers did not come to power in a legitimate manner.
- The government regime in power is corrupt, serving mainly their own needs and wants.
- The size and scope of government has reached levels far beyond that required of the state.
- The wealthy, or those in power, do not pay their "fair share."
- The government is inefficient and wasteful, providing inadequate return on the tax collected.
- The destitute should be helped through voluntary giving and charities, not funds obtained from compulsory taxation.
- Individuals who chose to take nothing out of the government system (no state education, pension, healthcare or police protection, for example) need not pay into the system.
- Some taxpayers are non-citizens and are therefore subject to taxation without having a voice in the government (taxation without representation)
[edit] Arguments against tax resistance
Many arguments can be made against the tactic of tax resistance. Most basic, of course, is from those who support the entity collecting the tax and feel that other people should as well. But even those who are sympathetic with the tax resister’s complaints may question the methods. Some common arguments against tax resistance are:
- In a constitutional democracy, everybody is equal before the law and nobody has the right to pick and choose which law to follow and which to ignore, because (s)he personally disagrees with it.
- If taxes are left unpaid, the government will take the money from someone else, which is unfair to them.
- Individuals who evade taxes are free riders, benefiting from government services like road infrastructure and security without paying their share of the bill.
- Tax resistance is too passive and ineffective a way to gain political change. As of 2006, a third of those Americans who file tax returns and 41% of all Americans, pay no federal income tax.[4] If the U.S. government can thrive with so many people avoiding the income tax, it would require an unlikely number of tax resisters to have any effect, either as a protest or as an actual curb on government policy.
- The government responds to tax resisters by assessing fines, interest, and/or penalties against them, which may mean they end up with more money in the end.
[edit] Notable tax resisters
- See also: Category:Tax resisters
[edit] Quotations
| “ | Withholding payment of taxes is one of the quickest methods of overthrowing a government. | ” |
| “ | He or she who supports a State organized in the military way – whether directly or indirectly – participates in the sin. Each man old or young takes part in the sin by contributing to the maintenance of the State by paying taxes. | ” |
| “ | I have heard some of my townsmen say, “I should like to have them order me out to help put down an insurrection of the slaves, or to march to Mexico, – see if I would go;” and yet these very men have each, directly by their allegiance, and so indirectly, at least, by their money, furnished a substitute. The soldier is applauded who refuses to serve in an unjust war by those who do not refuse to sustain the unjust government which makes the war… | ” |
| “ | If only each King, Emperor, and President understood that his work of directing armies is not an honourable and important duty, as his flatterers persuade him it is, but a bad and shameful act of preparation for murder – and if each private individual understood that the payment of taxes wherewith to hire and equip soldiers, and, above all, army-service itself, are not matters of indifference, but are bad and shameful actions by which he not only permits but participates in murder – then this power of Emperors, Kings, and Presidents, which now arouses our indignation… would disappear of itself. | ” |
| “ | Let them march all they want, as long as they continue to pay their taxes. | ” |
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Smith, Gar "An Interview with Julia Butterfly Hill: Part 1" The Edge 26 May 2005[1]
- ^ “The Mission of the National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund”[2]; Peace Tax Seven; Netzwerk-Friedenssteuer; Conscience and Peace Tax International
- ^ “Not paying phone tax becomes war protest” San Francisco Chronicle 4 December 2005
- ^ Hodge, S. “Number of Americans Paying Zero Federal Income Tax Grows to 43.4 Million” The Tax Foundation 30 March 2006[3]
[edit] External links
- What is War Tax Resistance? from the American advocacy group NWTRCC
- History of War Tax Resistance by War Resisters League (U.S. focus)
- History of War Tax Resistance by Peace Tax Seven (U.S./UK focus)
- Conscience and Military Tax Campaign Escrow Account for Resisted War Taxes.
- Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau
- Silence and Courage: Income Taxes, War and Mennonites 1940-1993
- The Tax Resistance League — tax resistance in the women's suffrage movement
- The Theory, Practice & Influence of Thoreau's Civil Disobedience by Lawrence Rosenwald
