User:SenseOnes/Jutes

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For the coarse vegetable textile fiber, see Jute.
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Jutland peninsula
Jutland peninsula

The Jutes, also known as Eutones and called Iuti in Latin (see philological confusion-section), were a Germanic people, originating in Northern Jutland in modern Denmark, with tribal influence stretching to south-western Jutland, and part of the East Frisian coast. They are commonly associated with the Franks, due to their aristocratic ties to Francia, such as the marriage between Jutish king Ethelbert of Kent and the Frankish princess Bertha, and their periodical suzerainty of Frankish kings. Jutish kingdoms in history includes Jutland before the union with Danes and Scanians, and the Kingdom of Kent, Isle of Wight, and other areas in Southern England.

The modern descendants of Jutes from the Jutlandic peninsula are also referred to as Jutes, or in Danish Jyder.

Contents

[edit] Homeland

While Bede places the homeland of the Jutes on the other side of the Angles relative to the Saxons, they have nonetheless been identified with a people called the Saxones Eucii, only mentioned by the Frankish king Theudebert in the sixth century, who claimed authority over them. The Saxones Eucii have been theorized to either be a tribe of both Saxon and Jutish strain,[1] or simply Eucii (Jutes), in a Frankish philological confusion with the neighboring Saxons [2]

A map of Tacitus' portrays a people called the Eudoses living in the north of Jutland and are generally accepted to be the later Iutae. Still others have preferred the identification with the Eotenas (ēotenas) involved in the Frisian conflict with the Danes as described in the Finnesburg episode in the poem Beowulf (lines 1068–1159). Others have interpreted the ēotenas as giants, as Jotuns ("ettins", "ogres" or "trolls" in modern English), or as a kenning for "enemies". Yet another possible identification is with the obscure tribe called the Euthiones. Even if Jutes were present to the south of the Saxons in the Rhineland or near the Frisians, this does not omit the possibility that they themselves were migrants from Jutland.

[edit] Origins

[edit] Proto-Jutes

[edit] Philological confusion

The Jutish people and the depictions of them in literature have been subject to much philological confusion, and this confusion and uncertainty has raised several hypothesis about several of the existing numerous corruptions of the Jutes and their names.

[edit] Corruptions and etymology

The most likely root of most of all the existing corruptions is the Eutones or Eutons, due to its similarity with the proto-Juttish tribe from Jutland, the Teutones. It is also much closer to the common Indo-European etymological root *teut-, meaning people or tribe,[3] and the emergence of this Eut-root might very well be connected with this circumstance. Additionally, most if not all corruptions can be explained in terms of the Eut-root.

Other corruptions include *Eut-, Eutones, Euthiones, Eudoses, Euduses, Eucii, Eutii, *Iut-, Iuti, Ivtii, Futii, Jotár.

The Euthiones [4]

Occasionally, in Danish literature, Jutes are referred to as Kimbrisk (Cimbrian), as a reference to the proto-Jutish Cimbri tribe.

[edit] The Jutish Hypothesis

A modern hypothesis (the so-called "Jutish hypothesis"), accepted by the Oxford English Dictionary, states that the Jutes are identical with the Geats, a people who once lived in southern Sweden. In primary sources the Geats are referred to as Eotas, Iótas, Iútan, and Geátas. However, in both Widsith and Beowulf, the Eotenas in the Finn passage are neatly distinguished from the Geatas. It may be that the two tribal names happened to be confused, which has happened, for example, in the sources about the death of the Swedish king Östen. It is possible that the Jutes are a related people to the Geats and a Gothic people as it is mentioned in the Gutasaga that some inhabitants of Gotland left for mainland Europe (the Wielbark site in Poland is evidence of a Scandinavian migration).

[edit] References in various languages

In Latin, such as the primary Bede sources, the Jutes are commonly referred to as Iuti, Iutum, & Iutae, likely being derived from the Iut-corruption of the Eut-root. Approximating terms are Euti and Eutii.

In English, the most common term for Jutes is simply Jutes, or the Latin term Iuti and Iutae. Jutes, as the Latin terms, is derived from the Iut-corruption of the Eut-root.

In French references, the Jutes have been referred to as the Eucii or Eucii Saxones. Eucii is a minor corruption of Eutii, whereas Eucii Saxones is a confusion of the Jutes and the Saxons, who were closely neighboring at the time this corruption originated.

In Danish, the Jutes and their present day descendants of Jutland, are referred to as Jyde and Jyder in plural. Jyder most likely stems from the Iut (Eut) root, being easily converted into Jut and Jute, but in Danish the ending sound has been softened, as in the Danish name for Jutland, which is Jylland, where the traditional t- or d-sound has been altered (likely due to the ending, Jy(d)-land). The reason for this philological corruption is therefore likely a corruption based on the d/t-sound being softened from Jyt (Iut) into Jyd, and the d-sound being further softened by the addition of an e in the end, consistent with the Danish language, where e's are added as endings to nouns. Such a corruption is also seen in Eudoses, having the same Eut-root, but Jute in English and Jyde in Danish simply alters the Eut-root to the common Iut-corruption, also attested in the Latin Iuti.

[edit] Culture

[edit] Nerthus Worship

[edit] Frankish Ties

The Jutes were associated with the Franks, and have been under Frankish suzerainty in several periods, with most references stemming from the sixth century.[5] The Frankish king Theudebert I claimed authority over the Jutes, under the name Eucii Saxones in 534-548 in a correspondence with Justinian, concerning the extent of the Frankish rule,[6] and they are mentioned in a poem by Venantius Fortunatus in 583 as being under the suzerainty of Chilperic I of the Franks, under the name Euthiones.[7]

There were also aristocratic ties between Francia and Jutish kingdoms - for an example, the Jutish king Ethelbert of Kent was married to the Frankish princess Bertha. The Jutes were also involved in much trade with the Frankish, and were generally very culturally influenced by them, which is attested in the archaeological remains of Kent, that indicate a more advanced, Roman and Frankish-influenced culture than the Anglo-Saxon culture in the same time period.

See also: Relations with the Franks

[edit] Catholicism

With the marriage between the Jutish king Ethelbert of Kent and Frankish princess Bertha, Christianity was embraced into the Jutish culture and kingdom in the Jutish Kingdom of Kent.[8] This event is the first historical induction of Catholicism into England.

See also: Augustine's mission and early Chrstianization

[edit] The Migration Period

The Jutes, along with the Angles, Saxons, and Frisians, were amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain from the late fourth century onwards, either displacing, absorbing, or destroying the native Celtic peoples there. According to Bede, they ended up settling in Kent (where they became known as the Cantuarii), Hampshire (in Wessex), and the Isle of Wight (where they became known as the Uictuarii). There are a number of toponyms that attest to the presence of the Jutes in the area, such as Ytene, which Florence of Worcester states was the contemporary English name for the New Forest.

While it is commonplace to detect their influences in Kent (for example, the practice of partible inheritance known as gavelkind), the Jutes in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight vanished, probably assimilated to the surrounding Saxons, leaving only the slightest of traces. One recent scholar, Robin Bush, even argued that the Jutes of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight became victims of a policy of ethnic cleansing by the West Saxons, although this has been the subject of debate amongst academics, with the counter-claim that only the aristocracy might have been wiped out. The culture of the Jutes of Kent is usually regarded as more advanced than that of the Saxons or Angles and early on shows signs of Roman, Frankish, and Christian influence. Funerary evidence indicates that the pagan practice of cremation ceased relatively early and jewellery recovered from graves has affinities with Rhenish styles from the Continent, perhaps suggesting close commercial connexions with Francia. The Jutish king Ethelbert of Kent married the Frankish princess Bertha and introduced Catholicism into England. He was the first, and only, Jutish Bretwalda.

[edit] Invitation to the Brythonic Kingdom

[edit] Genocide

[edit] Legacy

With the assimilation of the Jutes into the Danish Kingdom, starting in

[edit] Descendants

[edit] Dialectical

Main article: Jutlandic

In most parts of modern day Jutland, dialectical differences from Standard Danish (Rigsdansk) with lingual elements consisting of non-traditional features are prevalent,[9][10] and these elements have been identified academically to be distinct from Danish in nature, such as by the Peter Skautrup Centre, also called Institut for Jysk Sprog og Kultur forskning (Institute for Jutish Lingual and Cultural Studies) in Aarhus University, and by a number of linguists and philologists. H. F. Feilberg was one of the first linguists to study the Jutish dialect with his preliminary notes for the Jutish dictionary Bidrag til en Ordbog over jyske Almuesmaal, beginning in 1887, with which he literated his depiction of many Jutish expressions, lingual features and Jutish cultural folklore.[10] Gudmund Schütte, Danish philologist and ethnologist, pointed out elemental features seen in Icelandic, that were less evident but seen in Jutish, more comparative to Old English and original forms of Norse than modern derivative languages such as Danish and Swedish.[11][12] Jutlandics main dialectical qualities are likely derived as a legacy from the language of the Jutes, which is hypothesized to be Old English, or one of the languages forming Old English.[13] The cultural assimilation of the Jutes into the Danish kingdom correlating with a linguistic assimilation is consistent with that circumstance, considering that a dialectical legacy, albeit limited, is likely not to converge toward standardization in an area having undergone a linguistic change until linguistic isolation ceases - which in todays Denmark is more prevalent, leading to linguistic phenomena such as dialectical code-switching.[14][15][16]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Antiquity, volume 62. See bibliography
  2. ^ See bibliography - Pre-feudal England: The Jutes
  3. ^ Indo-European etymology database, query for teut
  4. ^ The Cult of Nerthus, G. Schütte, Dr.phil, page 3, transcribed by Alfta Lothursdottir
    “ The Euthiones, who occur in a poem of Venantius Fortunatus, 583, of coursee would be identical with the well-known Jutes. ”
  5. ^ John Edward Austin Jolliffe, Pre-feudal England: The Jutes, 1962
  6. ^ Arnold Hugh Martin Jones et al, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (ISBN 0521201608)
    “ Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks. ”
  7. ^ Carmina IX i.73
  8. ^ See bibliography, Anglo-Saxon England (F.M. Stenton)
    “ Ætherlberts reception of Christianity .. the necessity of providing appropriate penalties for offenses against God and the Church .. he was brought to accept Christianity .. he appears as a Christian king .. pages 60-64 ”
  9. ^ See Jutlandic
  10. ^ a b See external links - the Peter Skautrup Centret for Jysk Dialektforskning (The Peter Skautrup Centre for Jutish Dialectal Research) webpage, cointaining information concerning the Jutish dialect and culture, and the works of H.F. Feilberg
  11. ^ G. Schütte, article Om Islandsken og dens Indflydelse paa Dansken (http://www.modersmaalet.dk/schutte1930.htm) (Danish)
  12. ^ See Icelandic
    “ While most West European languages have reduced greatly the extent of inflection, particularly in noun declension, Icelandic retains an inflectional grammar comparable to that of Latin or, more closely, Old Norse and Old English. In fact, because it has diverged so little from Old Norse, enough so that it may be considered a dialect of that medieval language, it is of great interest to linguists. ”
  13. ^ See Old English, English language, Jutlandic and external links
  14. ^ Models of linguistic change and diffusion: new evidence from dialect levelling in British English, by Paul Kerswill, BA, MA (Cambridge), MPhil (Cambridge), PhD (Cambridge)
  15. ^ Dialect and Linguistic Change, Veith, Donald P., California English Journal, v4 n3 p52-5 Fall 1968
  16. ^ Danish language#Dialects
    “ Despite the relative cultural monopoly of the capital and the centralised government, the divided geography of the country allowed distinct rural dialects to flourish during the centuries. Such "genuine" dialects were formerly spoken by a vast majority of the population, but have declined much since the 1960s. They still exist in communities out on the countryside, but most speakers in these areas generally speak a regionalized form of Standard Danish, when speaking with one who speaks to them in that same standard. Usually an adaptation of the local dialect to rigsdansk is spoken, though code-switching between the standard-like norm and a distinct dialect is common. ”

[edit] Bibliography

  • Stenton, Frank M. Anglo-Saxon England. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
  • Gudmund Schütte Our Forefathers: The Gothonic Nations (ASIN B000WW6QWM), 1929.
  • Antiquity (journal), Vol. 62.
  • Martyn Whittock The Origins of England, 410-600 (ISBN 0389206822), 1988.
  • John Edward Austin Jolliffe Pre-feudal England: The Jutes, 1962 (1933).
  • H.F. Feidelberg, Bidrag til en Ordbog over jyske Almuesmaal (Danish), 1886–1914.

[edit] External links