Riparian zone

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A well preserved Riparian strip on a tributary to Lake Erie.
A well preserved Riparian strip on a tributary to Lake Erie.
"Riparian" redirects here. For the legal doctrine, see "riparian water rights."

A riparian zone is the interface between land and a flowing surface water body. Plant communities along the river margins are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. Riparian zones are significant in ecology, environmental management, and civil engineering due to their role in soil conservation, their biodiversity, and the influence they have on aquatic ecosystems. Riparian zones occur in many forms including grassland, woodland, wetland or even non-vegetative. In some regions the terms riparian woodland, riparian forest, riparian buffer zone or riparian strip are used to characterize a riparian zone. The word "riparian" is derived from Latin ripa, meaning river bank.

Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. These zones are important natural biofilters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted surface runoff and erosion. They supply shelter and food for many aquatic animals and shade that is an important part of stream temperature regulation. When riparian zones are damaged by construction, agriculture or silviculture, biological restoration can take place, usually by human intervention in erosion control and revegetation. If the area adjacent to a watercourse has standing water or saturated soil for as long as a season, it is normally termed a wetland due to its hydric soil characteristics. Because of their prominent role in supporting a diversity of species, riparian zones are often the subject of national protection in a Biodiversity Action Plan.

Research shows riparian zones are instrumental in water quality improvement for both surface runoff and water flowing into streams through subsurface or groundwater flow. Particularly the attenuation of nitrate or denitrification of the nitrates from fertilizer in this buffer zone is important. Riparian zones can play a role in lowering nitrate contamination in surface runoff from agricultural fields, which runoff would otherwise damage ecosystems and human health. The use of wetland riparian zones shows a particularly high rate of removal of nitrate entering a stream and thus has a place in agricultural management.

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[edit] Roles and functions

A riparian zone schematic from the Everglades.
A riparian zone schematic from the Everglades.

Some of the important functions of riparian zones are:

  1. Dissipate stream energy: Meandering curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems dissipate stream energy, resulting in less soil erosion and a reduction in flood damage.
  2. Trap sediment: Reduce suspended sediments to create less turbid water, replenish soils, and build stream banks.
  3. Filter pollutants from surface runoff and enhance water quality via biofiltration.
  4. Provide wildlife habitat, increase biodiversity and forage for wildlife and livestock
  5. Provide wildlife corridors: enable aquatic and riparian organisms to move along river systems avoiding isolated communities.
  6. Provide native landscape irrigation by extending seasonal or perennial flows of water.
  7. Contribute nutrients from terrestrial vegetation (e.g. leaf litter and insect drop) to aquatic food webs
  8. Shading water to mitigate water temperature changes
  9. Contribute wood debris to streams which is important to maintaining geomorphology
  10. Contribute to nearby property values through amenity and views.
  11. Improve enjoyment for footpaths and bikeways through supporting foreshoreway networks.
  12. Provide space for riparian sports including fishing, swimming and launching for vessels and paddlecraft.
  13. Act as a sacrificial erosion buffer to absorb impacts of factors including climate change, increased runoff from urbanisation and increased boatwake without damaging structures located behind a setback zone.

[edit] Role in logging

The protection of riparian zones is often a consideration in logging operations. The undisturbed soil, soil cover, and vegetation provide shade, leaf litter, woody material, and reduce the delivery of soil eroded from the harvested area. Factors such as soil types and root structures, climatic conditions and above ground vegetative cover impact the effectiveness of riparian buffering.

[edit] Vegetation

The assortment of riparian zone trees varies from those of wetlands and typically consists of plants that either are emergent aquatic plants, or herbs, trees and shrubs that thrive in proximity to water. Typical riparian zone trees in the eastern United States include:

In the western United States riparian vegetation may include red willow, juncus, grasses, sedges and wingstem. In Asia there are different types of riparian vegetation, but the interactions between hydrology and ecology are similar1.

Typical riparian vegetation in New South Wales, Australia include:

Typical riparian zone trees in Central Europe include:

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  • Nakasone, H., Kuroda, H., Kato, T. and Tabuchi, T. (2003). Nitrogen removal from water containing high nitrate nitrogen in a paddy field (wetland). Water Science and Technology, vol.48, no.10, pp.209-216.
  • Mengis, M., Schiff, S.L., Harris, M., English, M.C., Aravena, R., Elgood, R.J., and MacLean, A. (1999). Multiple geochemical and isotopic approaches for assessing ground water NO3 elimination in a riparian zone. Ground Water, 37, 448-457.
  • Parkyn, Stephanie. (2004). Review of Riparian Buffer Zone Effectiveness. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand), www.maf.govt.nz/publications.
  • Tang, Changyuan; Azuma, Kazuaki; Iwami, Yoshifumi; Ohji, Baku; Sakura, Yasuo. (2004). Nitrate behaviour in the groundwater of a headwater wetland, Chiba, Japan. Hydrological Processes, vol.18, no.16, pp.3159-3168.

[edit] External links