Respiratory failure

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Respiratory failure Classification and external resources
ICD-10	J96.
ICD-9	518.81
DiseasesDB	6623
eMedicine	med/2011
MeSH	D012131

Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood oxygen level (hypoxemia) and/or a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) which can be written as (PaO2 < 60 mmHg, PaCO2 > 45 mmHg). Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa

Contents 1 Types 1.1 Type 1 1.2 Type 2 2 Causes 3 Treatment 4 External links

[edit] Types

[edit] Type 1

Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, indeed the CO₂ level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs.

This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like:

• Parenchymal disease(V/Q mismatch)
• Diseases of vasculature and shunts.

[edit] Type 2

Type 2 respiratory failure is defined as the build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes include:

• Reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient)
• Increased resistance to breathing (such as in asthma)
• A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in emphysema).

[edit] Causes

• Pulmonary dysfunction
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure.
  • Cystic Fibrosis
• Cardiac dysfunction
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Arrhythmia
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Valve pathology
• Other
  • Fatigue due to prolonged tachypnoea in metabolic acidosis
  • Intoxication with drugs (i.e. morphine, benzodiazepines) suppresses respiration.

[edit] Treatment

Emergency treatment follows the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. Mechanical ventilation may be required.

[edit] External links

• eMedicine Respiratory Failure

v • d • e Pathology of respiratory system (J, 460-519), respiratory diseases Upper RT (including URTIs) Acute Common cold - Rhinitis - Sinusitis - Pharyngitis (Strep throat) - Tonsillitis - Laryngitis - Tracheitis - Croup - Epiglottitis Other nose disease (Vasomotor rhinitis, Hay fever, Atrophic rhinitis, Nasal polyp, Deviated septum) - Adenoid hypertrophy - Peritonsillar abscess - Vocal fold nodule - Laryngospasm Lower RT (including LRTIs) Pneumonia Viral - Bacterial - Bronchopneumonia Other acute Bronchitis (Acute, Chronic) - Bronchiolitis Chronic Emphysema - COPD - Asthma (Status asthmaticus) - Diffuse panbronchiolitis - Bronchiectasis Lung diseases due to external agents Pneumoconiosis (Asbestosis, Bauxite fibrosis, Berylliosis, Caplan's syndrome, Chalicosis, Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, Siderosis, Silicosis) - Byssinosis - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Bagassosis, Bird fancier's lung, Farmer's lung) Other lung disease, principally affecting the interstitium ARDS - Pulmonary edema - Löffler's syndrome - Eosinophilic pneumonia - Interstitial lung disease (Hamman-Rich syndrome, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) Suppuration Empyema - Lung abscess Other pleural disease/pleural effusion (Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, Hemopneumothorax, Hydrothorax) mediastinal disease (Mediastinal emphysema, Mediastinitis) Mendelson's syndrome - Atelectasis Other/general Respiratory failure - Influenza - SARS see also congenital (Q30-Q34, 748)

• [1]fr:Insuffisance respiratoire