Religious aspects of Nazism

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Several historians, political scientists and even philosophers have studied Nazism with a specific focus on its religious or semi-religious aspects.[1]

The most prominent discourse here is the debate about Nazism as political religion, but there has also been research on the millenarianistic, messianic, Gnostic, Christian and occult aspects of Nazism.

The potential occult aspects of Nazism have been the subject of a broader interest outside of academic discourses, with the development of a popular myth of Nazi occultism since 1960. This persistent idea, that the Nazis were directed by occult agencies, has been dismissed by historians as modern cryptohistory, in the sense that such an agency "has remained concealed to previous historians of National Socialism."[2]

Contents

[edit] Nazism as political religion?

First published in 1985, The Occult Roots of Nazism by the historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke is the most important work of reference for this topic. In a new preface to the 2004 edition, Goodrick-Clarke mentions some other serious writers who have examined "the religious and occult aspects of German National Socialism" before him:[3] Raymond Aron, Albert Camus, Giorgio Galli, Romano Guardini, Denis de Rougemont, Eric Voegelin, George Mosse, Klaus Vondung and Friedrich Heer.

The Occult Roots of Nazism includes a definition of occultism, but Goodrick-Clarke does not put forward a theoretical concept that specifies his view of the relation between Nazism and occultism, or between Nazism and religion. Other historians would focus less on the occult aspects of Nazism and more on the kind of religious aspects that have been termed Political religion by Eric Voegelin.

Among high-ranking Nazis, Richard Walther Darré, Rudolf Hess, Heinrich Himmler and Alfred Rosenberg are credited with an interest in the occult. Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs in particular have been a question of examination.

After 1945, esoteric elements within Nazism were continued and expanded into new völkisch religions of white identity, collectively described as Esoteric Nazism. Influenced by Esoteric Nazism, there is even a contemporary loose network of pagan neo-Nazis.

[edit] Ariosophy

The Occult Roots of Nazism is not about Nazism as such. Instead it focuses, as the title indicates, on its possible occult roots, an esoteric movement of the 1900s to 1930s in Germany and Austria that is generically referred to as Ariosophy.

According to Goodrick-Clarke, the Ariosophists wove occult ideas into the völkisch ideology that existed in Germany and Austria during that time.[4] Ariosophy shared the racial awareness which was already current within völkisch ideology,[5] but in addition to this the Ariosophists drew upon the notion of root races from Theosophy, thus postulating locations such as Atlantis, Thule and Hyperborea as the original homeland of the Aryan race (and its alleged purest branch, the Teutons or Germanic peoples). The ariosophic writings described a time of a glorious ancient Germanic past, in which an elitist priesthood had "expounded occult-racist doctrines and ruled over a superior and racially pure society."[6] The downfall of this imaginary golden age was explained as the result of the interbreeding between the master race and those considered untermenschen (lesser races). The "abstruse ideas and weird cults [of Ariosophy] anticipated the political doctrines and institutions of the Third Reich"[7] as Goodrick-Clarke writes in the introduction of his book, motivating the phrase "occult roots of Nazism"; however, with the exception of Karl Maria Wiligut,[8] Goodrick-Clarke has not found evidence that prominent 'Ariosophists' directly influenced Nazism.

[edit] Nazism and occultism

When it comes to the potentially occult aspects, the difficulty with this subject lies also in that it can be regarded "as a topic for sensational authors in pursuit of strong sales."[9]

[edit] The religious beliefs of the Nazi leaders

Among the Nazi leaders, Himmler, Heß, Rosenberg and Dárre had religious interests that could be described as esoteric. Dárre's interests have rarely been the subject of an examination,[10] with the exception of Anna Bramwell's biography of him. (Himmler's and Rosenberg's religious interests are looked at below.) Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs are a difficult case. On the one hand he had been in contact with Lanz von Liebenfels, on the other hand he made definite remarks against the völkish occultism in "Mein Kampf" and in public speeches.

[edit] Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs

Main article: Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs

Since 1957, when the Austrian psychologist Wilfried Daim published the important study on Lanz von Liebenfels[11] enough evidence exists to say that Hitler had been exposed to the ariosophic Weltanschauung in Vienna; however, to what extent he was influenced by it, is not clear. In the research into this question, Hitler's Mein Kampf has even been compared to Liebenfels' Theozoologie in detail.[12] According to an online article from the Simon Wiesenthal Center,[13] the influence of the anti-Judaic, Gnostic and root race teachings of H.P. Blavatsky, the founder of Theosophy, and the adaptations of her ideas by her followers, constituted a popularly unacknowledged but decisive influence over the developing mind of Hitler.

Hitler put his rejection of the völkisch Esotericism in harsh terms. In Heinrich Heims' Adolf Hitler, Monologe im FHQ 1941-1944 (several editions, here Orbis Verlag, 2000), Hitler is quoted as having said on 14 October 1941: "It seems to be inexpressibly stupid to allow a revival of the cult of Odin/Wotan. Our old mythology of the gods was defunct, and incapable of revival, when Christianity came...the whole world of antiquity either followed philosophical systems on the one hand, or worshipped the gods. But in modern times it is undesirable that all humanity should make such a fool of itself."

[edit] Rudolf Hess

According to Goodrick-Clarke, Rudolf Hess had been a member of the Thule Society before attaining prominence in the Nazi party.[14] As Adolf Hitler's official deputy, Hess had also been attracted and influenced by the organic farming theories of Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy.[15] In the wake of his flight to Scotland, Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the security police, banned lodge organizations and esoteric groups on 9 June 1941.[16] When organic farmers and their supporters — and even nudists — were arrested, Agriculture Minister Richard Walther Darré protested to Himmler and Heydrich, "despite a letter from Bormann, warning Darré that Hitler was behind the arrests."[17]

However, the suppression of esoteric organisations began very soon after the Nazis acquired governmental power. This also affected ariosophic authors and organisations: "One of the most important early Germanic racialists, Lanz von Liebenfels, had his writings banned in 1938 while other occultist racialists were banned as early as 1934."[18]

[edit] Thule Society and the origins of the NSDAP

Thule emblem
Thule emblem
Main article: Thule Society

The Thule Society, which is remotely connected to the origins of the NSDAP, was one of the ariosophic groups of the late 1910s.[19] Thule Gesellschaft had initially been the name of the Munich branch of the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail, a lodge-based organisation which was built up by Rudolf von Sebottendorff in 1917.[20] For this task he had received about a hundred addresses of potential members in Bavaria from Hermann Pohl, and from 1918 he was also supported by Walter Nauhaus.[21] According to an account by Sebottendorff, the Bavarian province of the Germanenorden Walvater had 200 members in spring 1918, which had risen to 1500 in autumn 1918, of these 250 in Munich.[22] Five rooms, capable of accommodating 300 people, were leased from the fashionable Hotel Vierjahreszeiten ('Four Seasons') in Munich and decorated with the Thule emblem showing a dagger superimposed on a swastika.[23] Since the lodge's ceremonial activities were accompanied by overtly right-wing meetings, the name Thule Gesellschaft was adopted to arouse less attention from socialists and pro-Republicans.[24]

[edit] The Aryan race and Lost lands

The Thule Society took its name from Thule, an alleged lost land. Sebottendorff identified Ultima Thule as Iceland.[25] Within the Armanism of Guido von List, to which Sebottendorff made distinct references,[26] it was believed that the Aryan race had originated from the apocryphal lost contintent of Atlantis and taken refuge in Thule/Iceland after Atlantis had become deluged under the sea.[27] Hyperborea was also mentioned by Guido von List, with direct references to the theosophic author William Scott-Elliot.[28]

In The Myth of the Twentieth Century, the second most important Nazi book after Mein Kampf, Alfred Rosenberg also referred to Atlantis as a lost land or at least to an Aryan cultural center.[29] Since Rosenberg had attended meetings of the Thule Society he might have been familiar with the occult speculation about lost lands; however, according to Lutzhöft (1971), Rosenberg drew on the work of Herman Wirth.[30] The attribution of the Urheimat of the Nordic race to a deluged land had found a great appeal in that time.[30]

[edit] Formation of DAP and NSDAP

In autumn 1918 Sebottendorff attempted to extend the appeal of the Thule Society's nationalist ideology to people from a working class background. He entrusted the Munich sports reporter Karl Harrer with the formation of a workers' ring, called the Deutscher Arbeiterverein ('German workers' club') or Politischer Arbeiterzirkel ('Political workers' ring').[31] The most active member of this ring was Anton Drexler.[31] Drexler urged the foundation of a political party, and on 5 January 1919 the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP, German Workers' Party) was formally founded.[31] When Adolf Hitler first encountered the DAP on 12 September 1919, Sebottendorff had already left the Thule Society (in June 1919).[32] By the end of February 1920, Hitler had transformed the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei into the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP, National Socialist German Workers’ Party).[31] Apparently meetings of the Thule Society continued until 1923. A certain Johannes Hering kept a diary of these meetings which mentions the attendance of other Nazi leaders between 1920 and 1923, but not of Hitler.[33]

That the origins of the Nazi party can be traced to the lodge organisation of the Thule Society is fact. However, there were only two points in which the NSDAP was a successor to the Thule Society. One is the use of the swastika. Friedrich Krohn, who was responsible for the colour scheme of the Nazi flag, had been a member of the Thule Society and also of the Germanenorden since 1913.[34] This allows Goodrick-Clarke the conclusion that it is possible to trace the origins of the Nazi symbol back through the emblems of the Thule Society and the Germanenorden and ultimately to Guido von List,[34] but it is not evident that the Thulean ideology filtered through the DAP into the NSDAP. Goodrick-Clarke implies that ariosophical ideas were of no consequence: "the DAP line was predominantly one of extreme political and social nationalism, and not based on the Aryan-racist-occult pattern of the Germanenorden [and Thule Society]".[31] Godwin summarises the differences in outlook which separated the Thule Society from the direction taken by the Nazis:

"Hitler...had little time for the whole Thule business, once it had carried him where he needed to be...he could see the political worthlessness of paganism [i.e. what Goodrick-Clarke would describe as the racist-occult complex of Ariosophy] in Christian Germany. Neither did the Führer's plans for his Thousand-year Reich have any room whatever for the heady love of individual liberty with which the Thuleans romantically endowed their Nordic ancestors."[35]

The other point in which the NSDAP continued the activities of the Thule Society is in the publication of the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter. Originally, the Beobachter (Observer) had been a minor weekly newspaper of the eastern suburbs of Munich, published since 1868.[36] After the death of its last publisher in June 1918, the paper ceased publication, until Sebottendorff bought it one month later.[36] He renamed it Münchener Beobachter und Sportsblatt (Munich Observer and Sports Paper) and wrote "trenchant anti-Semitic" editorials for it.[36] After Sebottendorff had left Munich, the paper was converted into a limited liability company. By December 1920 all its shares were in the hands of Anton Drexler, who transferred the ownership of the paper to Hitler in November 1921.[37]

Its connection with Nazism has made the Thule Society a popular subject of modern cryptohistory. Among other things, it is hinted that Karl Haushofer and G. I. Gurdjieff were connected to the Society,[38] but this is completely unsustainable.

[edit] Aftermath

In January 1933 Sebottendorff published Bevor Hitler kam: Urkundlich aus der Frühzeit der Nationalsozialistischen Bewegung (Before Hitler Came: Documents from the Early Days of the National Socialist Movement). Nazi authorities (Hitler himself?) understandably disliked the book, which was banned in the following year. Sebottendorff was arrested but managed to flee to Turkey.

[edit] Himmler and the SS

Credited retrospectively with being the founder of "Esoteric Hitlerism", and certainly a figure of major importance for the officially-sanctioned research and practice of mysticism by a Nazi elite, was Heinrich Himmler who, more than any other high official in the Third Reich (including Hitler) was fascinated by pan-Aryan (i.e. broader than Germanic) racialism and by certain forms of Germanic neopaganism. Himmler's capacity for rational planning was accompanied by an "enthusiasm for the utopian, the romantic and even the occult."[39]

It also seems that Himmler had an interest in Astrology. The astrologer Wilhelm Wulff was consulted by Himmler in the last weeks of the Second World War.[40] One detailed but difficult source for this is a book written by Wulff himself, Tierkreis und Hakenkreuz, published in Germany in 1968. That Walter Schellenberg had discovered an astrologer called Wulf is also mentioned in Hugh Trevor-Roper's The Last Days of Hitler.

In Bramwell's assessment: "Too much can be made of the importance of bizarre cultism in Himmler's activities...but it did exist, and was one of the reasons behind the split between Himmler and Darré that took place in the late 1930s."[41] Although Himmler possessed more occult tendencies than other Nazi leaders, he did not have any contact with the Thule Society.[42]

The SS had invented its own mystical religion, based very loosely upon imagery taken from Germanic tribal faiths combined with Christianity and "visions" from those figures in order to counter what they viewed as the Jewish-influenced religion of Christianity.[citation needed] Mystical organizations were created, usually connected with elite SS corps, and adopting specific rituals, initiations and beliefs.[43]

This religion was seen as the German original race-cult religion (ursprüngliche Rassenkult-Religion, a phrase attributed to SS-member Rudolf J. Mund), however, what exactly was indoctrinated in the SS about it is not known.[44]

[edit] Nazi archaeology

In 1935 Himmler established with Darré the Ahnenerbe.[45] At first independent, it became the ancestral heritage branch of the SS. Headed by Dr. Hermann Wirth, it was dedicated primarily to archaeological research, but it was also involved in proving the superiority of the 'Aryan race' and in occult practices.[citation needed] A great deal of time and resources were spent on researching or creating a popularly accepted “historical”, “cultural” and “scientific” background so the ideas about a “superior” Aryan race could prosper in the German society of the time. For example an expedition to Tibet was organized in order to search for the origins of the Aryan race.[46] To this end, the expedition leader, Ernst Schäfer, had his anthropologist Bruno Beger make face masks and skull and nose measurements. Another expedition was sent to the Andes.

Bramwell, however, comments that Himmler "is supposed to have sent a party of SS men to Tibet in order to search for Shangri-La, an expedition which is more likely to have had straightforward espionage as its purpose".[47]

[edit] Das schwarze Korps

The official newspaper of SS was Das Schwarze Korps(The Black Corps), published weekly from 1935 to 1945. Already in its first issue, the newspaper brought an article on the origins of the Nordic race, hypothesizing a location near the north pole similar to the theory of Hermann Wirth (but not mentioning Atlantis).[48]

Also in 1935 the SS journal commissioned a Professor of Germanic History, Heinar Schilling, to prepare a series of articles on ancient Germanic life. As a result, a book containing these articles and entitled Germanisches Leben was published by Koehler & Amelung of Leipzig with the approval of the SS and Reich Government in 1937. Three chapters dealt with the religion of the Germanen over three periods: nature worship and the cult of the ancestors: the sun religion of the Late Bronze Age, and finally the cult of the gods.

According to Heinar Schilling, the Germanic peoples of the Late Bronze Age had adopted a four-spoke wheel as symbolic of the sun "and this symbol has been developed into the modern swastika of our own society [i.e. Nazi Germany] which represents the sun." Under the sign of the swastika "the light bringers of the Nordic race overran the lands of the dark inferior races, and it was no coincidence that the most powerful expression of the Nordic world was found in the sign of the swastika". Very little had been preserved of the ancient rites, Professor Schilling continued, but it was a striking fact "that in many German Gaue today on Sonnenwendtage (solstice days) burning sun wheels are rolled from mountain tops down into the valleys below, and almost everywhere the Sonnenwendfeuer (solstice fires) burn on those days." He concluded by saying that "The Sun is the All-Highest to the Children of the Earth".

[edit] Cultic activities within the SS

[edit] The SS-Castle Wewelsburg

Himmler has been claimed to have considered himself the spiritual successor or even reincarnation of Heinrich the Fowler[citation needed], having established special SS rituals for the old king and returned his bones to the crypt at Quedlinburg Cathedral. Himmler even had his personal quarters at Wewelsburg castle decorated in commemoration of him. The way the SS redesigned the castle referred to certain characters in the Grail-mythos; see The "SS-School House Wewelsburg".

Himmler had visited the Wewelsburg on 3 November 1933 and in April 1934, the SS took official possession of it in August 1934.[49] The occultist Karl Maria Wiligut (known in the SS under the pseudonym 'Weisthor') had accompanied Himmler on his visits to the castle.[49] Initially, the Wewelsburg was intended to be a museum and officer's college for ideological education within the SS, but then it was placed under the direct control of the office of the Reichsführer SS (Himmler) in February 1935.[49] The impetus for the change of the conception most likely came from Wiligut, according to Goodrick-Clarke.[49]

[edit] SS-Officers in Argentina

There are some accounts of SS-officers celebrating solstices, apparently attempting to recreate a pagan ritual. In his book El Cuarto Lado del Triangulo (Sudamericana 1995), Professor Ronald Newton describes a number of occasions in Argentina when a Sonnenwendfeier occurred. When SS-Sturmbannführer Baron von Thermann (Edmund Freiherr von Thermann, German WP), the new head of the German Legation, arrived in December 1933, one of his first public engangements was to attend the NSDAP Sonnenwendfeier at Vicente Lopez in the suburbs of Buenos Aires "a neo-pagan festival with torches in which the Argentine Nazis greeted the winter and summer solstices". At another in December 1937, 500 young people, mostly Hitler Youth and Hitler Maidens, were taken to a natural amphitheatre dominating the sea at Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of the country. "They lit great pillars of wood, and in the light of the flickering flames diverse NSDAP orators lectured the children on the origins of the ceremony and sang the praises of the (Nazis) Fallen for Liberty. In March 1939 the pupils at the German School in Rosario were the celebrants on an island in the River Parana opposite the city: Hitler Youth flags, trumpets, a rustic altar straight from Germanic mythology, young leaders enthroned with solemnity to the accompaniment of choral singing...the Creole witnesses shook their heads in incredulity..." In the Chaco in the north of Argentina the first great event promoted by the Nazis was the Sonnenwendfeir at Charata on 21 December 1935. Portentous discourses of fire alternated with choral renderings". Such activities were still continued in postwar in Argentina: Uki Goñi in his recent book The Real Odessa (Granta, 2003) describes how Jacques de Mahieu, a wanted SS war criminal, was "a regular speaker at the pagan solar solstice celebrations held by fugitive Nazis in Argentina postwar."

[edit] Occultists working for the SS

[edit] Karl Maria Wiligut

Among the personnel of the SS, Karl Maria Wiligut could most of all be described as a Nazi occultist. The (first?) biography of him, written by Rudolf J. Mund, was titled: Himmler's Rasputin[50] (German: Der Rasputin Himmlers, not translated into English). After his retirement from the Austrian military, Wiligut had been active in the 'ariosophic' milieu. Ariosophy was only one of the threads of Esotericism in Germany and Austria during this time. When he was involuntarily committed to the Salzburg mental asylum between November 1924 and early 1927, he received support from several other occultists.[51] Wiligut was clearly sympathic to the Nazi Revolution of January 1933.[52] When he was introduced to Himmler by an old friend who had become an SS officer, he got the opportunity to join the SS under the pseudonym 'Weisthor'.[52] He was appointed head of the Department for Pre- and Early history within the Race and Settlement Main Office (Rasse- and Siedlungshauptamt, RuSHA) of the SS.[52] His bureau could (much rather than the Ahnenerbe) be described as the occult department of the SS: Wiligut's main duty appears "to have consisted in committing examples of his ancestral memory to paper."[52] Wiligut's work for the SS also included the design of the Totenkopfring (death's head ring) that was worn by SS members.[53] He is even supposed to have designed a chair for Himmler or at least this chair and its covers are offered for sale on the web.[54][55]

[edit] Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch

Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch was a radical author with German-Ukrainian ancestry.[56] An active agitator against the Bolshevik Revolution, he fled his native Russia in 1920 and travelled widely in eastern Europe, making contact with Bulgarian Theosophists and probably with G.I. Gurdjieff.[56] As a mystical anti-communist, he developed an unshakeable belief in the Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik world conspiracy portrayed in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[57] In 1922 he published his first book, Freemasonry and the Russian Revolution, and emigrated to Germany in the same year.[58] He became an enthusiastic convert to Anthroposophy in 1923, but by 1929 he had repudiated it as yet another agent of the conspiracy.[58] Meanwhile, he had begun to give lectures for the Ariosophical Society[59] and was a contributor to Georg Lomer's originally Theosophical (and later, neopagan) periodical entitled Asgard: a fighting sheet for the gods of the homeland.[60] He also worked for Alfred Rosenberg's news agency during the 1920s before joining the SS.[58] He lectured widely on conspiracy theories and was appointed an honorary SS professor in 1942, but was barred from lecturing in uniform because of his unorthodox views.[58] In 1944 he was promoted to SS-Standartenführer on Himmler's recommendation.[58]

[edit] Otto Rahn

The Fortress of Montségur from the 16th century. The castle that has been linked to the legend of the Holy Grail was destroyed in 1244.
The Fortress of Montségur from the 16th century. The castle that has been linked to the legend of the Holy Grail was destroyed in 1244.

Otto Rahn had written a book Kreuzzug gegen den Gral (Crusade against the Grail) in 1933.[61] In May 1935 he joined the Ahnenerbe, in March 1936 he also joined the SS formally.[61] "In September 1935 Rahn wrote excitingly to Weisthor [Karl Maria Wiligut] about the places he was visiting in his hunt for grail traditions in Germany, asking complete confidence in the matter with the exception of Himmler."[62] In 1936 Rahn undertook a journey for the SS to Iceland, and in 1937 he then published his travel journal of his quest for the Gnostic-Cathar tradition across Europe in a book titled Luzifers Hofgesinde (Luzifer's Servants).[61] From this book he gave at least one reading, before an "extraordinary large" audience. (In the Westfälische Landeszeitung (Westphalia county paper), which was an official Nazi newspaper,[63] an article about this lecture was published.)[64]

Rahn's connection of the Cathars with the Holy Grail ultimately leads to Montségur in France, which had been the last remaining fortress of the Cathars in France during the Middle Ages. According to eyewitnesses, Nazi archaeologists and military officers had been present at that castle.[65]


[edit] Neopaganism

The use of runic symbology and the existence of an official Nazi government department for the study of the Germanic ancestral heritage (including paganism) have lent some credence to the idea that there was a pagan component to Nazism. As early as 1940, the occult scholar and folklorist Lewis Spence identified a neopagan undercurrent in Nazism,[66] for which he largely blamed Alfred Rosenberg, and which he equated with “satanism”. He further connected Nazism to the Illuminati.[67]

Occultist or neopagan authors like Stephen McNallen, Stephen Flowers and Michael Moynihan (Flowers and Moynihan being translators of The Secret King) argue however that the Nazis' occult and runic pretensions amounted to a distortion and misrepresentation of the ancestral religion, Odinism.[68] Thus McNallen denounces "the lie that 'Hitler was a pagan' or that 'Asatruar trace their roots to Nazi Germany'".[69] In an article entitled "The Wiligut Saga" featured in The Secret King, Adolf Schleipfer points out the differences between Wiligut's beliefs and those generally accepted within Odinism. Flowers, who is also a scholar of Germanic religious history, contends:

"The Ahnenerbe and the Totenkopf Orden made more practical use of Judeo-Christian and Manichean techniques and ideas in their magical traditions and organizational principles....One brief glance at a book on ancient Germanic and old Scandinavian culture and religion will show the massive degree to which the Nazis perverted the egalitarian systems of the ancients into a totalitarian scheme....just as the Christian evangelists would employ old pagan symbols (such as the cross) to convert the heathens and then gradually infuse those venerable symbols with a contrary significance, so too did the Nazis employ old Germanic symbolism (which was very popular at that time) and infuse it with non-Germanic concepts for manipulative purposes."[70]

This is not only the opinion of occultists. Heinz Höhne, an authority on the SS, observes that in practice the organisation was modelled on Ignatius Loyola's Jesuit order and that "Himmler's neo-pagan customs remained primarily a paper exercise".[71]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ "Semi-religious beliefs in a race of Aryan god-men, the needful extermination of inferiors, and an idealized millennial future of German world-domination obsessed Hitler, Himmler and many other high-ranking Nazi leaders." Goodrick-Clarke, 1985, 203
  2. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218
  3. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2004: vi.
  4. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 5
  5. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: '
  6. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 2.
  7. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 1.
  8. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 177.
  9. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2004: vi.
  10. ^ Hakl 1997:197.
  11. ^ W. Daim: Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab, 1. Edition 1957, 2. rev. ed. 1985, 3.rev.ed.1994
  12. ^ Harald Strohm, Gnosis und Nationalsozialismus, 1997, p.46-52
  13. ^ Jackson Spielvogel and David Redles: Hitler's Racial Ideology: Content and Occult Sources
  14. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003: 114. Note that Goodrick-Clarke had previously (1985: 149) maintained that Hess was no more than a guest to whom the Thule Society extended hospitality during the Bavarian revolution of 1918.
  15. ^ Bramwell 1985: 175, 177.
  16. ^ Bramwell 1985: 178.
  17. ^ Bramwell 1985: 178.
  18. ^ Bramwell 1985: 42.
  19. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 135-152 (chapter 11, "Rudolf von Sebottendorff and the Thule Society").
  20. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 142.
  21. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 142.
  22. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 143.
  23. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 144.
  24. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 144.
  25. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 145.
  26. ^ See: Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 145.
  27. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 145.
  28. ^ See: Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 54.
  29. ^ Strohm 1997: 57.
  30. ^ a b Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971):Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920-1940. (German) Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag, p. 114f
  31. ^ a b c d e Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 150.
  32. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 150, 201.
  33. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 201; Johannes Hering, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Thule-Gesellschaft, typescript dated June 21, 1939, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, NS26/865.
  34. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 151.
  35. ^ Godwin 1996: 57.
  36. ^ a b c Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 146.
  37. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 147;Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam, (German) (Munich, 1934), p. 194f
  38. ^ The Thule Gesellshaft (sic)
  39. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 178; Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich (London, 1970); pp.111-24; Bradley F. Smith, Heinrich Himmler: a Nazi in the making 1900-26 (Stanford, Calif., 1971); Josef Ackermann, Heinrich Himmler als Ideologie (Göttingen, 1970) (German)
  40. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 165; Wilhelm Th. H. Wulff, 1968, Tierkreis und Hakenkreuz
  41. ^ Bramwell 1985: 90.
  42. ^ Hakl 1997:201
  43. ^ Erich Halik (Claude Schweikhart), "Um Krone und Gipfel der Welt", Mensch und Schicksal 6, no. 10 (1 August 1952), pp 3-5.
  44. ^ Harald Strohm, Gnosis und Nationalsozialismus, 1997, p. 89
  45. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 178
  46. ^ See Himmler's Crusade by Christopher Hale.
  47. ^ Bramwell 1985: 90.
  48. ^ Lutzhöft 1977:115; W.Petersen: Woher kommt die Nordrasse?, in: Das Schwarze Korps, Year 1, Issue 1, 1/2/1935, p.11.
  49. ^ a b c d Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 186.
  50. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 285
  51. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 182
  52. ^ a b c d Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 183.
  53. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 177
  54. ^ The great Chair of Heinrich Himmler
  55. ^ Genuine Leather Covers from Heinrich Himmler's SS-Castle Wewelsburg
  56. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 169.
  57. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 169-170.
  58. ^ a b c d e Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 170.
  59. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 170-171.
  60. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 162.
  61. ^ a b c Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 189.
  62. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 189; Rahn to Weisthor, Letter dated 27 September 1935, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Himmler Nachlass 19.
  63. ^ German Wikipedia: Westfälische Landeszeitung – Rote Erde
  64. ^ A copy of this article by a certain Dr. Wolff. Heinrichsdorff, "Westfälische Landeszeitung", January 9, 1938, is available on the pages of the Working group of Nazi Memorial centres in Northrhine-Westphalia [1] (German) an English translation can be found on the internet: NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF A SPEECH BY OTTO RAHN SS; This article could also be verified by consulting the microform edition avaible in some German libraries
  65. ^ Strohm 1997, 99; Strohm refers to René Nelli, Die Katharer, p.21
  66. ^ Spence, Lewis, Occult Causes of the Present War, 1940: p85.
  67. ^ Spence 1940.
  68. ^ http://www.runestone.org/RS32/books/index.htm, http://www.runestone.org/lep4.html, http://www.angelfire.com/wy/wyrd/odinvsnazi.html; "The Myth and Reality of Occultism in the Third Reich" lecture by S. E. Flowers, November 12th, 2006. http://www.woodharrow.com/lectureseries.html.
  69. ^ Review of The Secret King by Stephen A. McNallen, (http://www.runestone.org/RS32/books/index.htm).
  70. ^ Flowers 1984: 16.
  71. ^ Höhne 1969: 138, 143-5, 156-57.

[edit] Referred Literature

[edit] List of books about Nazi occultism

  • Wiligut, Karl Maria (2001). in Michael Moynihan (editor): The Secret King: Karl Maria Wiligut, Himmler's Lord of the Runes, translated by Stephen E. Flowers, Dominion Press and Runa-Raven Press. ISBN 1-885972-21-0. 
  • Hitler's Secret Sciences: His Quest for the Hidden Knowledge of the Ancients by Nigel Pennick
  • Runic Astrology: Starcraft and Timekeeping in the Northern Tradition by Nigel Pennick
  • The SS Family Book: Procedure for Conducting Family Celebrations, authored by Charles Barger & Ulric of England. Ulric Publishing. - SS Pagan rituals.
  • Reveal the Power of the Pendulum: Secrets of the Sidereal Pendulum, A Complete Survey of Pendulum Dowsing, by Karl Spiesberger, (1962) ISBN 0-572-01419-8 (Der erfolgreiche Pendel-Praktiker) - 1962 [2]
  • Rune Might: History and Practices of the Early 20th Century German Rune Magicians by Stephen Flowers
  • Mythos Schwarze Sonne by Gerhard von Werfenstein
  • Odinism and Christianity under the Third Reich by John Yeowell, published by the Odinic Rite in 1993.
  • Unholy Alliance: History of the Nazi Involvement With the Occult by Peter Levenda, (May 1, 2002, ISBN 0-8264-1409-5)
  • Nazis and the Occult by Dusty Sklar
  • Hitler and the Occult by Ken Anderson
  • Zodiac and Swastika: Astrologer to Himmler's Court by Wilhelm Wulff
  • The Occult Understanding of Hitler and the Nazis by Cyril Scott
  • Unknown Sources: National Socialism and the Occult by Hans Thomas Hakl & Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (Translator)
  • Hitlers Visionäre. Die okkulten Wegbereiter des Dritten Reiches Hitler's Visionaries. Nazism's Occult Roots] by Eduard Gugenberger [3]
  • Astrology and the Third Reich: A Historical Study of Astrological Beliefs in Western Europe Since 1700 and in Hitler's Germany, 1933-45 by Ellic Howe
  • Astrology: A Recent History Including the Untold Story of its Role in World War II by Ellic Howe (1968)
  • Astrology and Psychological Warfare During World War II by Ellic Howe (1972)
  • Himmler's Crusade: The Nazi Expedition to Find the Origins of the Aryan Race by Christopher Hale (Wiley 2003. ISBN 0-471-26292-7)
  • Heinrich Himmler's Camelot: Pictorial/documentary: The Wewelsburg Ideological Center of the SS, 1934-1945 by Stephen Cook (Kressmann-Backmeyer, 1999)
  • Spence, Lewis: Occult Causes of the Present War; 1940, Rider and Co, London.
  • The Occult Establishment by James Webb
  • Storm Troopers of Satan by Michael FitzGerald
  • Das Ende des Hitlermythos by Josef Greiner
  • Himmler's Black Order 1923-45 by Robin Lumsden
  • Himmler's Crusade: The True Story of the 1938 Nazi Expedition into Tibet by Christopher Hale
  • Nietzsche, Prophet of Nazism: The Cult of the Superman--Unveiling the Nazi Secret Doctrine by Abir Taha
  • Reich Of The Black Sun: Nazi Secret Weapons & The Cold War Allied Legend by Joseph P. Farrell
  • Satan and Swastika: The Occult and the Nazi Party by Francis X. King
  • Himmler's Castle by Stuart Russell, J A Bowman (Editor)
  • Hitler and his God: The Background to the Hitler Phenomenon by Georges van Vrekhem, Rupa & Co. ISBN 81-291-0953-0
  • Hitler: Black Magician by Gerald Suster, ISBN 1-871438-82-9.
  • Hanussen: Hitler's Jewish Clairvoyant by Mel Gordon
  • Hitler: The Occult Messiah by Gerald Suster (1981)
  • Schwarze Sonne (book) by Rüdiger Sünner

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[edit] Pages on the Nazis and the Occult that may not be reliable